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Education Psych.
Exam 2
54
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/14/2006

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Term
Disability
Definition
a personal limitation that restricts an individual's functioning
Term
Handicap
Definition
a condition imposed on a person who has a disability
Term
Physical Disorders
Definition
Orthopedic disorders, restrictions of movement because of muscle, joint, or bone problems
Term
Sensory Disorders
Definition
include visual and hearing impairments
Term
Visual Impairment (disability)
Low vision
Definition
acutiy between 20/70 and 20/200 with corrective lens
Term
Visual Impairment (disability)
Educationally blind
Definition
cannot use thier vision in learning and must use their hearing and touch to learn
Term
Mental retardation
Definition
a cognition with an onset before age eighteen that involves low intelligence (usually below 70 on a traditional individually administered intelligence test) and difficulty in adapting to everyday life
Term
Causes of Mental Retardation
Definition
genetic factors (down syndrom, fragile X syndrome), and brain damage (infections, environmental hasards, fetal alchohol syndrome)
Term
Classifications of Mental Retardation
Definition
mild, moderate, severe, profound
Term
Down Syndrome
Definition
a genetically transmitted form of mental retardation due to an extra (47th) chromosome
Term
Learning disability
Definition
a disability in which children are of normal inteligence or above, have difficulty in at least one academic area and usually several, and have no other diagnosed probelm or disorder, such as mental retardation that is causing the difficulty
Term
Characteristics of a learning disability
Definition
problems listening, concentrationg, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, math or social interaction. often have trouble with reading, math, and written language
Term
Epilepsy
Definition
a nervous disorder characterized by recurring sensorimotor attacks or movement convulsions
Term
Epilepsy
Definition
a nervous disorder characterized by recurring sensorimotor attacks or movement convulsions
Term
Fragile X-syndrome
Definition
a genetically trasmittted form of mental retardation due to an abnormaility on the x chromosome
Term
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Definition
a cluster of abnormalities, including mental retardation and facial abnormalities, that appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy
Term
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Definition
a disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics over a period of time, inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
Term
Speech and language disorders
Definition
a number of speech problems (such as articulation disorders, voice disorders, and fluency disorders) and language problems (difficulties in receiving information and expressing language)
Term
articulation disorders
Definition
problems in pronouncing sounds correctly
Term
voice disorders
Definition
disorders producing speech that is hoarse, harsh, too loud, too high-pitched or too low-pitched
Term
Language disorders
Definition
significant impairments in a child's receptive or expressive language
Term
emotional and behavioral disorders
Definition
serious, persistent problems that involve relationships, aggression, depression, fears associated with personal or school matters, and other innapropriate socioemotional characterisitcs
Term
depression
Definition
feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, more likely in adolescence than childhood and higher in women
Term
dyslexia
Definition
a severe impairment in the ability to read and spell
Term
Individualized education plan (IEP)
Definition
a written statement that spells out a program specifically tailored for the student with a disability
Term
Individuals with disabilites education act (IDEA)
Definition
this act spells out broad mandates for services to all children with disabilites, including evalutaion and determination of eligibility, appropriate education and an individualized education plan (IEP) and education in the least restrictive environment
Term
Inclusion
Definition
education children with special educaiton needs full time in the regular classroom
Term
collaborative consulatation
Definition
people with diverse expertise interact to provide servies for children, it encourages shared responsibility in planning and decision making
Term
recommendations for teaching children with disabilites
Definition
carry out each child's IEP, encourage your school to provice increased support and trating in how to teach children with disabilites, use the support that is available and seek otehr support, become more knowledgable about the types of children with disabilites in your classroom, be cautious about labeling children with a disability, remember that chilren with disabilites benefit from many of the same teaching strategies that benifit children without disabilites, keep up to date with technology, and help children without a disability understand those that do
Term
Least restrictive environment (LRE)
Definition
a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated
Term
Criteria for idenifying gifted children
Definition
learn in a qualitativly different way, are precoucious, have accelerated information processing skills, and have a passion for mastery
Term
Program options for gifted children
Definition
special classes (pull out program), acccleration and enrichemnt in the regualr classroom, mentor and apprenticeship programs, work/study, and community service programs
Term
Learning
Definition
a relatively premanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
the view that behavior shoudl be explained by obeservable experiences
Term
associate learning
Definition
learing that two events are connected
Term
stimulus
Definition
anything effectively impinging upon any of the sense apparatuses of a living organism, including physical phenomena both internal and external to the body.
Term
Classical conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)
Definition
type of learning in which an organism learn to connect or associate stimuli. a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit simular responses
Term
example of the classical conditioning principles
Definition
US (doing poorly on a test), UR (anxiety), CS (math test), CR (anxiety)
Term
Operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning)
Definition
form of learining in which the consequences of behavior produce changes in the probablity that the behavior will occur
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
reinforcement based on the principle that the frequnecy of a response increases because it is followed by a rewardting stimulus
Term
reinforcement
Definition
increased that probablility that a behavior will occur
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
reinforcement based on the principle that the frequency of a response increased an unpleasant stimulus is removed
Term
punishment
Definition
decreases the probablity that a behavior will occur
Term
Fixed-ratio
Definition
reinforce after a set number of responses (ex. continuous reinforcment)
Term
variable ratio
Definition
reinforce after an average but unpredictable number of responses (ex. gambling)
Term
fixed interval
Definition
reinforce appropriate response after a fixed amount of time (exams every 2 weeks)
Term
variable-interval
Definition
reinforce appropriate responses after a variable amount of time (pop quizes)
Term
law of effect
Definition
the principle that behaviors followed by postitive outcomes are strenthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakend
Term
systematic desensitation
Definition
a method based on classical conditioning that reduces anxiety by getting the individual to associate deep relaxation with successive visualizations of increasingly anxiety-provoking situations
Term
shaping
Definition
teaching new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations to a specified target behavior
Term
promt
Definition
an added stimulus or cue that is given just before a response and increases the likelihood the response will occur
Term
contracting
Definition
putting reinforcement contingencies into writing
Term
applied behavior analysis
Definition
application of the principles of operant conditioning to change human behavior
Term
self efficacy
Definition
the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes
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