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Edpsy14
Chapter 6
36
Engineering
Undergraduate 2
05/22/2008

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Term
5 Views of learning in Behaviorism
Definition

1. Contiguity

2. Classical conditioning

3.Law of effect

4.Operant Conditioning

5.Observational 

Term
Learning (according to behaviorists)
Definition

-A relatively permanent change in obseable behavior as a result of experience

-Focuses on external events as the cause of the change in behavior

 

It is NOT:

-Temporary change resulting fom injury, illness

-Change due to natural development

Term
Behaviorism (Two terms)
Definition

Stimuli: Environmental conditions that activate the senses. What is presented or present

 

Response: Behaviors that result (from the presentation of the stimuli) 

Term
1. Contiguity
Definition

-Simple pairing of a stimulus and a response

-Pairing occur together, often, and close in time

-Component of classical conditioning

 

Example: Eating=Salivation 

Term
2. Classical Conditioning
Definition

-a form of learning in which an individual learns to produce an involuntary emotional or physiological response that is similar to an instinctive or reflexive response

-Learning where a response to a stimulus is brought under control of a new stimulus 

Term
2. Classical Conditioning *Terms
Definition

1.Unconditioned stimulus:  the stimulus that naturally causes the response prior to conditioning (food)

2. Unconditioned response: the response that occurs as a result of presenting the unconditioned stimulus (Salivation)

3. Neutral Stimulus: The stimulus that initially has nothing to do with the unconditioned stimulus but evenutally becomes the conditioned stimulus (Bell)

4. Conditioned stimulus: The new stimulus that causes the response after the repeated pairing of the unconditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus (bell)

5.Conditioned response:same response to the unconditioned stimulus but now elicited by the conditioned stimulus (salivation) 

Term
2. Classical conditioning **3 Other terms
Definition

1. Generalization: Respond to different kinds of stimuli the same way (Bells with different pitches)

2. Discrimination: Noticing the differences among similar stimuli (Knowing difference between doorbell and bell)

3.Extiction: When the conditioned stimulus occurs repeatedly in the absense of the unconditioned stimulus which eventually causes them not to react

(Bell without food) 

Term
4. Law of Effect:  Thorndike
Definition

Stimulus-Response theory

 

-Behavior is a response to stimuli in the environment

-If a behavior is followed by a satisfying change in the environment, the likelihood of it happening again increases and vice versa with a negative change

-Example: Wasn't necessarily the bell that caused the reaction but the fact that he received food.

Cat+lever=Food 

Term
3. Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
Definition

Manipulating consequences of behavior

-A form  of learning in which an observable response changes in the frequency or duration as the result of a consequence

 

-3 term contingency

Sd-Discriminitive stimulus

R-Response

Sr-Reinforcing stimulus 

Term
Classical Vs. Operant
Definition

Classical

-Involuntary

-Behavior follows the stimulus

-Neutral stimuli become associated with unconditioned stimuli

-Example: Learners associate classrooms with warmth

 -Pavlov

 

Operant 

-Voluntary

-Behavior precedes the stimulus

-Consequences of behavior influence subsequent or future behaviors

-Example: Learners attempt to answer questions and are praised so thier attempts to answer more questions increase 

-Skinner 

Term
3. Operant Conditioning: Theory to practice
Definition

-We can cause desirable behaviors to increase by reinforcing them when they occur

-We can cause undesireable behaviors to diminish by puncishing them when they occur

 

It works if the reinforcers or punishers do what we want them to 

Term
3. Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement
Definition

Reinforcement can be either positive or negative

 

-Positive reinforcement: a consequence that is given/presented that increases behavior

Example: Praise

 

-Negative reinforcement: a consequence such that something undesireable or aversive is removed and behavior increases 

Example: Taking away friday homework 

 

 

Term
7 types of Reinforcers
Definition

Intrinsic: Do it because they enjoy it

Extrinsic: given to students

Primary: Unconditioned (food)

Secondary:Conditioned (money=food)

Social: "good job"

Token: Gold stars

Activity: Given something you like for doing something else 

Term
3. Operant Conditioning: Punishment
Definition

Punishment also can be either positive or negative

 

Positive Punishment: a consequence that is presented or gieven that reduces the occurence of a behavior

Example: Spanking, Writing a composition, name on the board

 

Negative Punishment: a consequence that is desireable is removed and the behavior decreases

Example: no ice cream if you dont clean your room, losing recess, silent lunch 

Term

Drawbacks to Positive Punishment 

Definition

External vs. internal control

 

-typically a temporary supression of behavior

-Potential for a negative response; could serve as a reinforcer for some behaviors

Example: Attention they get for talking out

-May inhibit more than the intended behavior

Example: Raising hand and getting the wrong answer might cause them to not raise thier hand anymore

-Doesnt teach appropriate behavior 

Term
Premack Principle (Grandma's rule)
Definition

Enjoyable activities can be used to reinforce participation in less desireable activities

 

Example: When your done with your math you can have free time 

Term
Operant Conditioning: Shaping
Definition

Reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior; the teaching of a new skill or behavior by means of reinforcement for small steps toward a desired goal

Example: Sit-->Lay-->side-->Roll over 

Term
Operant Conditioning: Extiction
Definition

The weakening and eventual elimination of a learned behavior as a reinforcement is withdrawn

Example: Stop Reinforcing 

Term
Operant Conditioning: Learned Helplessness
Definition

The conditioning to believe that one has no control over the situation. Resistance is frutal

Example: Give up 

Term
OC: Extinction: Rules-Ignore-Praise
Definition

1. Establish the rules/expectations/behavior

2.Ignore the behaviors that are in do not meet desired expectations

3.Praise the rules that do meet the expectations

 

*Hard to practice, it only takes one reinforcement

*What NOT to extingush using extinction (hitting) 

Term
OC: Extiction: Threshold
Definition

-Introduce the eliciting stimulus at weak strength

-Gradually increase the stimulus strength but keep it below threshold

-builds tolerance

Examples: Sit for 5, 10, 20 

Term
OC: Extinction: Satiation/Fatigue
Definition

-Using a reinforcer so frequently that it loses its potency

Example: Praise too much

 

-Doesn't always work

Example: Can be used to distinguish something you dont want...make 100 paper airplanes 

Term
UC: Extinction: Incompatible Response
Definition

-Pair the inappropriate behavior with a stimulus that elicits the appropriate response

-"Cant do two things at once"

Example: gloves=cant chew nails 

Term
Antecedent
Definition

-Things that happen before a behavior that increase or decrease the likelihood of the behavior occuring

 

Prompt: Tells learner how to respond

Cue:Tells learner when to respond 

Term
3. Operant Conditioning: Teaching points
Definition

-Avoid aversive control, threats

-Use clues to signal and prompt the correct performance

-Reinforce the exact performance that you want the learner to learn

-Begin with contrived reinforcers, move to natural reinforcers 

Term
Watson Study
Definition

Behavioristic

-Not classical or operant conditioning

-Conditioned emotional response (utopian) 

Term
Timing and spacing of reinforcement
Definition

Continuous or Intermittent

             V

Interval or Ratio (Behavior)

 

Fixed or Ratio 

 

Term
4. Observational Learning (Social Cognitive Theory) Bandura Doll
Definition

Definition of learning: A change in mental structures that creates the capacity to demonstrate different behaviors

-An internal process that may or may not result in immediate behavior change

-People learn from others and by gaining control over thier own learning

-Environment as cause of learning...reciprocal

-Direct reinforcement and punishment may not be necessary for learning 

 

Term
4. Observational learning: Modeling
Definition
Imitating the behavior of others
Term
Observational Learning: Vicarious
Definition

Learning from the experience of others

-Vicarious reinforcement: learning by watching someone else get reinforced forr a behavior

 

Vicarious Punishment: Learning by watching someone else get punished for a behavior 

Term
4 Phases of Modeling
Definition

1. Attention

2. Retention

3. Reproduction

4. Motivation 

Term
Modeling: Attention
Definition

Learner pays attention to the model

 

Characteristics of the model:

-Similarity, competence, status 

Term
Modeling: Retention
Definition

Learner remembers what they have seen

 

Model behavior slowly and in small steps

-Uses cues and prompts for when and how to respond

-Memory Aids

 -Behavior should be observable

Term
Modeling: Reproduction
Definition

Learner tries to match thier behavior to the model's

 

-This phase should occur early in observational learning

-Role of practice with feedback

-Must be capable for learner 

Term
Modeling: Motivation
Definition

Learner is reinforced, behavior will be repeated.

 

-Learner believes that imitation will result in reinforcement 

Term
Modeling: Additional Component- Self regulation
Definition

The process of accpeting responsibility and control for ones own learning

 

-Cognitive behavior modification: changing ones own behavior by means of self talk and self instruction 

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