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| One’s inner and personal experience of and response to loss |
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| forgiveness that is bestowed on the violator without much deliberation; unidirectional and requires only the participation of the forgiver and requires no response from the forgiving party |
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a vision of society where resources are equally available to all members of society
Both a process and a goal
Enacted through education of the existing patterns of oppression in society today |
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| Social inequality impacting individuals and social institutions |
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sexism
heterosexism
classism
ableism |
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oppression by members of one sex by the other.
-belied that men are superior to women
-belief that men and women are very different and that the differences are reflected in social roles, language, and the law. |
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a form of discrimination that is embedded by the American culture
-any form of prejudice or oppression against people who are in, who are perceived as being in a lower social class (low socioeconomic status) |
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| focuses giving privilage to heterosexuals, thus suggesting that heterosexuality is normal while simultaneously inferring that LGB lifestyles are abnormal. |
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| prejudice or discrimination toward individuals who have a physical or mental disability, preference for able-bodied people |
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| the process of accepting and living out the inaccurate myths and stereotypes applied to the oppressed group. |
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brief, everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to a target group such as people of color, women, and gays
-Can be intentional or unintentional |
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| the unconscious participation betweeen the oppresor who exerts dominance and the oppressed, accepting and reinforcing the status quo |
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more privilage
A person may have more resources because they belong to the group or are perceived as belonging to the group |
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| groups that are denied privilage based upon group membership or perceived group memebership |
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| unearned access to powe based on group membership |
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| biological behaviors or characteristics, such as hormone level and reproductive parts [testes, penis, ovaries, vagina] |
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| societal benefits, stereotypes, and values which we assume to be true of someone who is biologically female or male |
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Oppression by members of one sex by the other
Historical beliefs related to sexism:
Men superior to women
Men & women very different & these differences reflected in social roles, language, the law
Hatred of women (misogyny) |
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Term
| GILBERT AND SHER'S 4 FACES OF GENDER |
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Definition
gender as a difference
gender as organizer/structurer
gender as language and discourse
gender as interactive process |
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Definition
the assumption that one set of characteristics, abilities, and interests belong to one sex, and that another set belongs to the other or “opposite sex”
-Idea that men/women are different in kind rather than in degree |
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| GENDER AS ORGANIZER OR STRUCTURER |
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Definition
Gendered roles extending beyond individual men and women and their socialization to the social structures and principles of organization
Examples:
Until 1837, women were not allowed to enroll in American Universities; women were not allowed to vote until 1920 (19th Amendment)
“Glass ceiling”: lack of women in upper management positions
Women make up almost half of workforce, but only 10 women CEOs of Fortune 500 companies |
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Term
| GENDER AND LANGUAGE AS DISCOURSE |
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Definition
Our language to describe men and women can reflect stereotypic views about gender
Can you come up with any examples?
Why do words matter?
They can define our roles as men and women and shape how people believe they should behave, think, and feel |
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Term
| GENDER AS INTERACTIVE PROCESS |
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Definition
| “Doing gender” . . . Men and women not only internalize societal constructions of gender, but are encouraged and rewarded for playing them out in interpersonal interactions |
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| refers to the idea that two groups are completely different and have no overlapping traits, attributes, or behaviors |
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| - two groups do overlap, but one group may exhibit more of a certain characteristic |
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Research has actually shown for any psychological variable studied by psychologists, the difference between within each sex are always greater than differences between each sex
Men vary a lot in their characteristics from one another, as do women.
Although some differences do exist on average, differences are in degree and not unique to one gender or other |
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Definition
women should…
Please men
Give priority to marriage & children
Act inferior to men intellectually
Restrict personal ambitions
Be silent
Be a sexual object
Accommodate needs of others
Dependent on me
Be noncompetitive with men |
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Definition
Have power over women
Always in emotional control
Self-reliant
Pursue status
Violent & Dominant
Playboys
Have disdain for gay males |
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Definition
| lack of women in upper management positions |
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also called social class
-result from massive disparities in access to wealth, income, social access, and influence |
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| CLASS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ECONOMIC RESOURCES |
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Definition
Class- divisions or categories based on economic resources
The more economic resources an individual or family has or has access to, the higher their class status |
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Typically, social class is broken up into 5 groups or classes
Different social classes have different access to wealth, income, social access, and influence
Income = money that flows in
Wealth = what remains after the bills are paid (e.g., saved $, inherited $, property & assets, stocks
Upper Class
Upper-middle class
Middle Class
Lower-Middle Class
Lower Class |
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Term
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Definition
| Most enjoy legacy of wealth/family prominence- presidents, celebrities, millionares |
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| Access to higher education; income btwn $75K and $200K- graduate and professional degrees, “stay-at-home” homemakers |
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| Shrinking-loss of manufacturing jobs |
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“working poor”, semi-skilled or unskilled jobs, work many hours and some in unpleasant conditions
Restricted to semi-skilled/unskilled service jobs
Little social mobility due to lack of higher education |
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Definition
| Crime, hunger, illiteracy, homelessness are daily threats or problems |
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Media overwhelmingly focuses on middle/upperclass, creating “us vs. them” mentality
A study of prime-time network television btwn 1946 and 1990 found that in only 11% of the series were heads of households portrayed as working class (i.e., holding occupations as blue-collar, clerical, or semiskilled service workers). Middle-class families were featured in 70% of the shows |
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| prevents people from moving laterally |
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| HOW ARE POOR PORTRAYED IN THE MEDIA? |
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Definition
46% believed poor people today have it easy because they can get government benefits without doing anything in return
34% believe the poor do not work
36% believed the poor were either the same or better off in terms of health care
29% believed the poor had lower moral values |
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| HOW ARE WEALTHY PORTRAYED IN THE MEDIA? |
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Definition
The wealthy do not exist as a class’
Gives illusion that their problems are everyone’s problems |
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Definition
| process by which person socialized to the values, traditions, etc of own culture |
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Definition
| Giving up racial/ethnic identity to adapt to host culture |
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Definition
acculturation can change, modify, or reinforce an individual’s relationship to his/her ethnic group and cultural values
cultural learning due to contact btwn members of diff cultural groups (e.g., behavioral or attitudinal changes that occur due to influence of outside cultural group)
Process of adapting to a different culture |
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Definition
| Feels as if secure member of ethnic group & feels pride for group; has attachment to group & understanding of history & tradition |
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Definition
| immerse self in culture of ethnic group & longs to belong to group; want to know all one can about ethnic heritage |
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| disregard one’s ethnic heritage; no interest in understanding ethnic background |
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| Phinney’s Model of Ethnic Identity Development |
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Definition
Unexamined stage
Exploration stage
Examined stage |
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Definition
a system of advantage based on race
Not only a personal belief but involves a system where we get cultural messages, policies, and beliefs |
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Definition
| blatant expression of racism [calling someone a racially derogatory term] |
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| laughing at a racism joke, not challenging ethical issues, or avoiding issues related to race |
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| false assumptions that can affect identity development |
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Race- social category based on phenotypic experience, such as skin color and facial features
Does not distinguish ppl biologically, but has significant social meanings
Ethnicity- social category based on shared history, customs, and values
Example: A person could identify as Black racially and Latino ethnically |
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| Helms & Cooks’ Racial Identity Model of people of color |
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Definition
Conformity [pre-encounter]
Dissonance [encounter]
Immersion/emmersion
Internalization
Integrative awareness |
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Definition
| Devalues own race; absorbs dominant culture’s standards; color-blind attitude about race |
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| Ambivalence & confusion about one’s racial group commitment |
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| idealization of own race & denigration of that which is perceived as White |
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| pos. commitment to own racial group, internally defined racial attributes, capacity to respond to racism |
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| integrates racial identity w/other identities, values many aspects of identity |
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Definition
| gender, race, nationality, class, religion, sexuality, age, ability and other social identtites and phenomena, all work together to influence our experience in the world |
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Definition
| both, how we understand and what we call ourselves with respect to sexual orientation “lesbian” “gay” “straight” |
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Definition
| the nature of our sexual, romantic, and emotional attractions |
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Definition
do not assume heretosexuality
Avoid use of pronouns
Use “partner” “significant other”
Avoid using “homo” “fag”
Respect privacy
Confront homophobic remarks |
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Term
| Cass’ LGBTQI identity stage model |
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Definition
Stage 1-self awareness
Stage 2-Socialization
Stage 3-identity pride
Stage 4-identity synthesis |
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Term
| Cass’ LGBTQI identity stage 1: self awareness |
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Definition
| awareness of their identities in the face of strong internal and social pressures to deny or “overcome” their feelings |
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Term
| Cass’ LGBTQI identity stage 2: socilization |
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Definition
| develop relationships with members of LGBTQUIA community |
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Term
| Cass’ LGBTQI identity stage 3: identity pride |
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Definition
| can help LBGT individuals to find social support for relinquishing feelings of shame and loss related to the coming out process |
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| Cass’ LGBTQI identity stage 4: identity synthesis |
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Definition
| regard themselves as members of multiple social groups |
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Definition
| the process by which LBGT individuals come to an understanding of who theyare and eventually talk about themselves with others |
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Definition
| heterosexuality is the norm, meaning that all people are heterosexual, or that heterosexuality is superior to homosexuality |
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| fear and hatred of homosexuality, especially in others but also in oneself |
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Definition
I grew up feeling that my loves and friendships were healthy and normal
If I pick up a magazine, watch TV, or listen to music, I can be certain my sexual orientation will be represented
I can kiss my partner farewell at the airport, confident that onlookers will either ignore us or smile understandingly
I can find appropriate cards for my partner, to celebrate special occasions like anniversaries
When my partner is seriously ill, I know I will be admitted to the ICU to visit them
I can go for months without being called straight |
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Term
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Definition
Lesbian
Bisexual
Transgender/Transsexual
Queer/Questioning
Intersex
Ally |
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Definition
Victim of a head-on collision with a drunk driver in 1983
Suffered severe brain stem injury
-paralyzed couldn’t speak
-had a female partner
-her partner was thwarted in the efforts of trying to help her
-karen was denied physical access to sharon
-ableism, sexism, and heterosexism came together to deny sharon adequate healthcare |
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Definition
Some members of the deaf community proclaim their status as a cultural group with its own sense of pride, rather than considering deafness unwanted or stigmatized
Cochlear implant- procedure allowing for modified level of hearing for deaf individuals
Controversy around some deaf individuals who do not want this, as it as seen as denial of deaf identity & community
Must still consider medical expenses, limited hearing ability, medical risk, etc.
How does idea of deafness as a culture help/hinder deaf ppl? |
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Term
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Definition
someone with a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial & long-term adverse effect on his/her ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities. E.g.:
Disease (e.g., cancer, diabetes, multiple sclerosis)
Hearing/sight impairment
Mobility impairment
Severe mental illness
Cognitive impairments & learning disorders
Some scholars prefer term “impairment” or “condition” due to social connotation of word “disabled” |
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| refers to the systematic oppression of individuals with disabilities in contemporary United States culture |
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Definition
| an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason. |
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| the result of intentional, conscious thought. For example, if a person were to consider evidence and conclude women were less capable than men, this would be an explicit stereotype. |
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| associations learned through past experiences. Implicit stereotypes can be activated by the environment, and operate outside of intentional conscious cognition.[1] For example, one may hold an implicit stereotype that women are poor at math. The source of these associations may be misidentified, or even unknown by the individual who holds them, and may persist even when an individual rejects the stereotype explicitly |
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