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EDL 8030--Exam 1
Test Prep
95
Education
Graduate
10/13/2014

Additional Education Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Theory
Definition
System that explains some phenomena in a systematic way.
Term
Mitchell and Spady
Definition

Yin-Yang

 

Administrative (stability):   Environmental, facilitate, group achievement

Teacher (divergent):  Transformational, individual achievment.

 

Center line is the conflict.

Term
Leadership
Definition

Leadership is a process whereby an individual influecs a group of individuals to achieve a common goal.

 

Leader can't control--Must influence.

 

 

Term
Ways to study leadership
Definition
Traits, behavior, contingency, situational.
Term
Trait Theory
Definition

Machiavelli (do what's best for the most people)

 

"Great Man Theory"  George Washington (elected because of height)

 

Stogdill--No set of leadership traits.

 

Kirk and Locke--Characteristics

Term

Stogdill (1947)

 

Definition

Intelligence

Alertness

Insight

Responsibility

Persistence

Initiative

Self-Confidence

Socialbility

Term
Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991)
Definition

Drive

Motivation

Integrity

Confidence

Cognitive ability

Task Knowledge

Term
Big 5 Model
Definition

Extroversion

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness

Emotional Stability

Openness to Experience

Term
Article:  Do Traits Matter?
Definition

Kirkpatrick and Locke--Drive, Leadership Motivation, Integrity, Self-Confidence, Emotional Stability, Cognitive Ability, Knowledge of the business

 

Core of a leader is to create a vision--A concept of what the organization SHOULD be.

Term
Theory X
Definition

Average human has a dislike of work

 

Most people must be coerced with punishment to achieve objectives

 

Average person prefers to be directed

 

Punishments and rewards

Term
Theory Y
Definition

People exerceise self direction and self-control to things in which they are committed.

 

Average person seeks responsibility.

 

People are genuinley creative, imaginative and posess ingenuity.

 

More empowering to workers

Term
Transformational Leadership
Definition

Build and strengthen employee commitments to the organizations norms and goals.

 

High ethical and moral conduct, consider needs of employees over own, share risks with employees in goal setting, use power only when necessary (never for personal gain.

 

charismatic/inspirational--Vision focused

Term
Transactional Leadership
Definition

Based on incentives, recognition, and work promotions to persuade followers to strive for goals that are important to organization

 

Use power to gain employee compliance

 

Looks for deviations from the rules.

 

Works well in times of calm and times of crisis

Term
Coercive Power
Definition

Ability to punish subordinates for failure to copmly

 

Leads to feelings of fear, frustration, alienation and disdain.

Term
Expert Power
Definition

Influences subordinates when the blieve the leader has expertiese of knowledge that is of a real benefit

 

Comes from education, experience, and training and tends to be very important

Term
Referent Power
Definition
Charisma or personality that makes subordinates want to follow
Term
Iowa Studies
Definition

Authoritarian:  Leaders took full responsibility, high structure, seek no participation from subordinates (highest productivity)

Democratic:  Encourage group to be involved in decision making, ideas are expressed openly.

Laissez-Faire:  Subordinates have complete decision making, essential no leadership, lowest productivity/most aggressive

Term
Ohio State Studies
Definition

Seperate leadership Dimensions:

1.  Consideration:  The extent to which the leader is likely to have job relationships (friendship, warmth, and consideration)

2.  Initiating Structure:  Extent to which the leader is likely to structure his or her role in goal achievment.

Term
Impoverished Management (ohio state)
Definition
Low concern for poeple and production
Term
Country Club Management (ohio state)
Definition
High concern for people, low concern for production
Term
Organization Man (ohio state)
Definition
People feel adequately valued and the organization achieves objectives at a minimal acceptable standard
Term
Authority-Obedience (Ohio State)
Definition
High productivity/Low concern for people
Term
Team Management (ohio state)
Definition
high concern for both people and production
Term
Hershey and Blanchard--Situational Leadership
Definition

Task Behavior --One way communication by outlining what each worker has to do--no room for feedback

 

Relationship Behavior--two way communication  workers have much opportunity for feedback, leader is able to offer support

 

Term
Four Frames of leadership and management
Definition

Structural--  Emphasiezes specialized roles and fomal relationships

Human Resource--Considers the need of the individual above all else

Political--Focuses on bargaining, negotiating, coercion, and compromise ro accomplish goals

Symbolic--Leaders adapt their behavior to best fit a situation

Term
Situational Leadership Theory
Definition
A leader's decisions regarding the appropriateness of task behaviors and relationship behaviors are tied directily to the perceptions of the followers job maturity (Experience and education) and psycological maturity (mental)
Term
Situational Leadership Manners
Definition

Structuring--Effective when followers are low in motivation and ability

Coaching--Effective when followers are low in ability but high in motivation (direct instructions and maintains concern for the follower)

Supporting--Effective when lacking motivation but have ability (high concern for relationships

Delegating--Best for high ability/and motivation--leader just moniters performance

Term
Classical Leadership Article
Definition

Four styles of behavior leaderhip:

Concern for task, concern for people, directive leadership (giving orders), and participate leaderhip

 

Three things important:  relationship between leader and followers, structure of the task, and position power (power of the leader to get job done)

Term
Equifinality
Definition
There is no one right way to an answer
Term
According to Hersy and Blanchard, leaders ust judege their followers readiness by determining if they are:
Definition
Willing and Able
Term
Can you list the three types of leaders found in the Iowa Studies?
Definition
Autocrative, democrative, and lazzaie-faire
Term
What are French and Raven's Five Sourcnes of Power:
Definition
Coercive, reward, referent, expert, and legitimate
Term
Power
Definition
The potential abliity to influence behavrior, to change the course of events, to overcome resistance, and to get poeple to do things they don't otherwise do.
Term
Why Should Anyone Be Led By You--Article
Definition

Inspirational leaders share four unexpected qualities:

1.  Selectively show weakness

2.  Rely heavily on intuition to guage the appropriate timing and course of actions

3.  Manage employees with something called tough empathy

4.  Reveal their differences (irritable on monday mornings, shy, disorganized)

Term
House's Path Goal Theory
Definition

Importance of Situainal factors on task accomplishments and psychologcal state of follwers and processes

 

Leader behavior is shaped and constrained by situational factors. 

L-Leader Behvaior (directive, participative, supportive, achievement oriented

O-Outcomes (performance/Satisfaction

S-Subordinate Contingency Factors (experience, perceived ability)

E-Environmental Contingency Factors (Task structure, work group)


Clearing a path to your group's goals

Term
Senge's 5th Discipline
Definition
Systems, Team Learning, Shared Vision, Mental Models, Personal Mastery
Term
Cordiero's Four disticnt components of collaborative leadership:
Definition

Technical Competencies: knowldge of both group processes and school community's social and educaitonal values.

Human Resource Competencies: Great emphasis on interpersonal skills

Political Competencies:   manage the inevitable competition for resources

Architectural Competencies:  skills necessary for framing the roles and relationships of those working within the organization

Term
Senge's 5th Discipline (Systems Thinking)
Definition

Concerns itself with the understaind that all parts of the organization are interrelated and affect each other. 

 

Focus is on the whole, parts, and the relationship among the parts

 

All parts of the system are interdependent and subject to influence any other part.

Term
Senge's 5th Discipline (Personal Mastery)
Definition

Cornerstone of a learning organization.  The descipline or continually clarifying and deepening our personal vision of focusing on our energies of developing patience and seeing reality objectively.

 

I can control myself and influence others

Term
Senge's 5th Discipline (Mental Models)
Definition

Deeply ingrained assumptions generalizations, or even pictures or images that influces how we understand the world.

 

In any new experience, most poeple only take in and remember the information that reinforces their existing models

Term
Senge's 5th Discipline (shared vision)
Definition

sharing an image of the future you want to realize together

 

Catalying peoples aspirations through time, care, and strategy.

Term
Senge's 5th Discipline (Team Learning)
Definition
when two or more people in an organization collectively analyze issues and discuss situations and possible outcomes, they tend to discover insights not attainable individually.
Term
The ladder or inference
Definition
observable data (student came late) select some details (slumped down in back of room), add own meaning based on culture, make assumptions (student doesn't care about school), draw conclusions (grade poorly)
Term
Management by walking around
Definition

spend time in hallways with teachers and students. 

 

Have a commitment to be with people , and the belief that the classroom and the teachers and students are the source of diagnostic information and solutions to problems.

Term

McClelland's 3 Needs

 

Definition

Achievement-- Personal responsibility, feedback moderate risk

Power--Influence, competitive

Affiliation--Acceptance and friendship, cooperative

 

Term
Goal Setting Theory--Locks
Definition

Specific goals increase performance, and difficult goals, when accpeted, result in higher performance that easy goals.

 

Goal too low--no challenge

Goal too high--no reason to continue, it can't be accomplished

Term
What makes a leader?
Definition
Goleman's EQ
Term
What does Senge call those fixed patterns we use to aid our thinking, but can also limit it?
Definition
Mental Models
Term
Maslow's Need Heirarchy
Definition

Self-Actualization(achieveing ones full potential)

Esteem Needs (prestige and feelings of accomplishment)

Love Needs (Intimate relationships, friends)

Safety Needs (Security, safety)

Physiological needs (food, water, warmth, rest)

 

If most basic need is not met, individual will not be motivated by those further up.

Term
Alderfer's ERG Theory
Definition

 Existence--Food, drink, shelter, and safety.  (in a job these are salary, job security, and working conditions)

Relatedness--includes all interpersonal relationships

Growth--Represents the intrinsic desires individuals have to maximize their potential to be fulfilled and contentment in an environment

Term
Differences between Maslow and Alderfer (ERG)
Definition

1:  Maslow believes a lower level must be satisfied before moving onto the rest, Alderfer believes they can occur simultaneously

2:  Maslow states that a satisfied need ceases to be motivating.  Alderfer maintins that as individuals become frustrated at not being able to satisfy higher needs, they may regress to lower needs that have already been satisfied

Term
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory
Definition

Also known as two-factor or dual-factor theory. 

 

Factors that motivate people and lead to job satisfaction (motivation factors), and those that lead to job dissatisfaction (hygiene factors)

Term
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory (Motivation Factors)
Definition
included achievement, recognition, advancement, growth, and responsibility
Term
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory (Hygiene Factors)
Definition

Incclude working conditions, salary, interpersonal relationships, supervision, and company policy.

 

 

Term

 

All professional staff development should:

Definition
be linked to improvement of student learning.
Term

McClelland suggests were motivated by 3 needs. What are they?

 

Definition
Power, Affiliation, and Association.
Term
Feld/Displayed Emotions
Definition

Felt:  Actual Feelings

Displayed:  Required by organization for job

Emotional Labor:  Expressing organizationlly desired emotions during interpersonal transactions.

Term
Self-Awareness
Definition

Observing your thoughts and feelings

 

Witnessing yourself from a neutral perspective

 

Being aware of what you are doing by noticing the sensations, emotions, or thoughts you experience

Term
Self-Responsibility
Definition

Using self-control by showing restraing and delaying gratification

 

Inspiring your own motivation

 

Not blaming others for personal difficulties

Term
Social Competence
Definition

Adaptable and flexible

Compassionate and Empathetic

Good listener

Appreciation of diversity

People Skills

Leadership Qualities

 

THE THINGS YOU CAN GET BETTER AT!

Term
Cognotive Dissonance
Definition

Occurs when there are inconsistencies between 2 or more of a person's attitudes or between a person's behavior and attitudes

 

 

Term
Reduce cognitive dissonance by:
Definition

Stopping the behavior

Deciding the dissonant behavior is not important

Changing the attitude

Seeking out more constant elements to outweight the dissonant ones

Finding things that match up on both sides

Term
Equifinality
Definition

There is no one best way

 

Everything is a judgement call

 

Do your homework--Know the background and context of a situation

Term
Level 5 Leadership
Definition
Looks in the mirror when things are dificult and says "what can I change about myself to make things better"
Term
Attribution Theory
Definition

Do I think internally or externally?  Where is the control?

 

What do you attribute blame to--dog eating trash, is it your fault for leaving the lid off (intrinsic) or the dog's fault for digging (extrinsic)

Term
Fundamental Attribution Error
Definition

We assume others are internally controlled--assume the wrong things about people

 

EX:  all kids did poorly on the test because they were lazy--not looking at self (I wrote a bad test, didn't prepare them effectively)

 

Term
Self-Serving Bias
Definition
We exaggerate our external controls--When things are going bad we blame external things--I got in a car accident, not because I'm a bad driveer, but instead the 'sun was in my eyes')
Term

If you want to change the culture, to what should you pay attention to?  

 

Definition
School climate and interpersonal relations
Term
School culture is defined by
Definition
The values of the teachers and adults
Term
What is a norm?
Definition
an unwritten group rule
Term
Culture is:
Definition

The hidden assumptions that shape how people think about their work, relate to their colleagues, definte their mission, ,and derive their sense of identity.

 

Term

According to Malcom Gladwell, thin slicing is:

 

Definition
Knowing at a glance
Term
Cultural Artifacts do not include:
Definition
Climate
Term

School Climate: 

 

Definition
is the manifestation (tangible features) of culture
Term

According to Firore which of these is not an element of positive culture:  

 

Definition
Have special cultural ceremonies
Term
School Culture is
Definition

the collective values, beliefs, morals, and behavior governing the actions taken by people assicaited with the school.

 

It's not what people do, but instead why they do it.

Term
School Climate
Definition

Reflects one facet of personality and self-image

 

Climate is the totality of our surroundings

 

Can be easily changed

Term
Behaviors that principals ought to adopt to create a positive school culture:
Definition

o   Be visible to all stakeholders.

 

o   Communicate regularly and purposefully.

 

o   Never forget that principals are role models.

 

o   Be passionate about your work

 

o   Understand how responsible you are for the culture.

 

o   Keep yourself organized

 

o   Exhibit a positive outlook. 

 

o   Take pride in the physical appearance of your schools.

 

o   Empower other appropriately

 

o   Demonstrate stewardship.

 

Term

·      The elements of a positive school culture are:

 

Definition

o   A bias toward action

 

o   Close to the customer

 

o   Autonomy and Entrepreneurship (risk taking)

 

o   Productivity through people (input from teachers)

 

o   Hands on, Value driven effort (Cultural values of employees)

 

o   Sticking to the Knitting (Know your parents and students, and know what they are able to deliver)

 

o   Simple form, lean staff (simply organizational structures

 

Term
6 interlocking dimensions that define school culture:
Definition

1.              The history of the school

 

2.              The values and beliefs of the school

 

3.              Myths and stories that explain the school

 

4.              The cultural norms of the school

 

5.              Traditions, rituals, and ceremonies characteristic of the school

 

6.              The heoes and heroins of the school

 

Term
Types of school Cultures (family culture)
Definition
Friendly, cooperative, and protective
Term
Types of school Cultures (machine culture)
Definition
Focus is on protection and not warmth--School is viewed in instrumental terms which result int he school being seen as a machine that educators use to accomplish goals
Term
Types of school Cultures (carabet culture)
Definition
Terchers performance and efforts are focused on getting reactions from the audience
Term

Types of school Cultures (Little shop of horrors culture)

 

Definition
Unpredictable and loaded with tension--paranoid, cold, and unforgiving
Term
Deming's Total Quality Management (TQM)--Based on Japanese business practices
Definition

constancy of purpose towards improvement

Adopt the new philosophy

Cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality

End the practice or awarding business ont he basis of a pricetag

Institute training on the job

Improve constantly and forever

Institute Leadership

Drive out Fear

Break down barriers between departments

Eliminate slogans, exhonorations and targets for the fwork force asking for zero defects

Eliminate work quaotas on the floor

Remove barriers that rob people of time and joy of work

Institute a program of education and self-improvement

Put everybody in the company to work to accomplish the transformation

Term
Ouchi's Theory Z
Definition

Focuses on the culture of the entire organization and is concerned with the difference the organizational cutlure makes in the way the whole organization is managed

 

Success and failure is shared among employees and management

 

individual responsibility, consenual decision making, long-term employment, slow evaluation and promotion, explicit meausures of perfomance, commitment to all aspects of life, including family life.

Term
Three Levels of Culture
Definition

Artifacts: The daily rituals, ceremonies, and icons that are most conspicuous to the causl observer

Values and Beliefs level--Form the basic organization character of the school.  Through shared beliefs and values, members of the faculty develop a sense of direction that guides daily routine

Underlying Assumptions Level:  Making assumptions

Term
Moments of Greatness Article
Definition
being results centered, internally directed, other focused, and externally open are at the heart of positive human influence.
Term
Participatory Leadership
Definition
An organization that relies on participatory management to an extreme extent involves stakeholders in the formation of all rules, contains no obvious chain of command, is flexible, and is concerned with people and their needs before being concerned with the needs of an efficient organization.
Term
Directive, Supportive, Participative, or Achievement-Oriented Leadership is a part of Stogdill’s trait, Michigan behaviorist, or House’s path/goal situation theory?
Definition
House's Path Goal
Term
Hershey & Blanchard’s situational theory categorized leaders as supportive, directive, participative or achievement oriented based upon the followers’ level of _________
Definition
Maturity (Job Maturity
Term

 

Approaches to leadership theory include:

 

personal traits,

 

patterns of behavior,

 

response to situations, and

Decision-making—also known as __________ theory

Definition
Contigency
Term
The Ladder of Influence is part of:
Definition
Senge's 5th Discipline
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