Shared Flashcard Set

Details

ed research final
mid term
143
Education
Post-Graduate
04/18/2011

Additional Education Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Action research (is an answer)
Definition
It is research that answers practical questions for more immediate solutions) that focusses on solving practitioners local problems. Most common in education.
Term
Can something be valid but not reliable?
Definition
no
Term
Can something be reliable but not valid?
Definition
yes
Term
If you increase the number of items on the exam does it increase the reliability?
Definition
yes
Term
If two variables are moving in the same direction, they are said to have...
Definition
positive correlation
Term
Sources of researchable problems can be derived from...
Definition
experience, practice and theory
Term
Confirmatory research is characteristic of...
Definition
a top down approach (hypothesis, experiment, decision to accept or reject). it uses the deductive method and is characteristic of quantitative research.
Term
What is a mediating or intervening variable?
Definition
A variable that comes in between other variables, helps to delineate the process through which variable affect one another.  (i.e. amount of studying (IV) leads to input and organization of knowledge in long-term memory (mediating variable) which affects test grades (DV).)
Term
A researcher studies and develops a model.  She believes that parent involvement has an impact on the motivation to do school work thus in her model higher ___which in turn leads to higher test scores.  In the example motivation is what kind of variable?
Definition
mediating OR intervening
Term
principles of validity and reliability
Definition
Validity - the accuracy of the inferences, interpretations, or actions made on the basis of test scores Reliability - the consistency or stability of test scores.
Term
Qualitative research is synonymous with
Definition

 

  • bottom up 
  • the inductive method
  • theory generation approach
  • logic of discovery

 

Term
Quantitative research is synonymous with
Definition

 

  • top down 
  • the deductive method
  • the traditional theory testing approach
  • logic of justification

 

Term
Differentiate between experimental, correlational and descriptive studies.
Definition
Experimental involves manipulation, randomization and controlling something.  Correlational research is a form of non-experimental research in which the primary independent variable of interest is a quantitative variable and there is no manipulation. (i.e. SAT scores to GPA).  Descriptive studies are studies that attempt to describe the characteristics of a phenomenon (i.e. observation or polls)
Term
What is the makeup of a journal article?
Definition

 

  1. title page 
  2. abstract 
  3. introduction 
  4. method --participants --design --procedures
  5.  results 
  6. discussion 
  7. references

 

Term
Rationale for deception.
Definition

Deception is misleading or withholding information from the research participant. Deception is allowed when:

there is minimal risk to participants, participants can or will be debriefed, and it is nor possible to do the study without it.

Term
What makes a good quantitative research question?
Definition
A question that asks about a relationship that exists between two or more variables (ex. What is the relationship between parent education and student success?)
Term
What makes a good qualitative research question?
Definition
A question about a process, issue or phenomenon to be explored. It is general, open-ended and overarching. (ex. How does the social context of a school influence pre-service teachers beliefs about the principal?)
Term
What are the characteristics of of experimental research?
Definition

 

  • manipulation
  • randomization
  • controlling something

 

Term
Interpret correlation coefficients.
Definition
A correlation coefficient is a numerical index of the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. Strength is no relative to positive or negative.  It is more concerned about strength.  It can be between -1 and 1, with zero being the weakest. The further away from zero the stronger the relationship. (-.5 is the same "strength" as .5)
Term
How to determine correlation coefficients.
Definition
A correlation coefficient is a numerical index of the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. If both variable move in the same direction they are positive.  If they move in opposite ways they are negative.
Term
How are research questions developed?
Definition
It is an extension of the purpose of the study in that it specifies exactly the questions that the researcher will attempt to answer.
Term
What is the nature of science?
Definition
Science includes any systematic or carefully done actions that are carried out to answer research questions or meet other needs of a developing research domain. Science does not accept face value and taken for granted knowledge. We do not find scientific proof, but rather scientific evidence. (The Principle of Evidence) It is dynamic (not static) Science is a never ending process that includes rational thinking, reliance on empirical observation, constant peer evaluation, critique and - very important - active creativity and attempts at discovery
Term
reasons to review the literature
Definition
1. Tell you whether the problem you have identified has already be researched. 2. Give you ideas as to how to proceed and design the study. (And hypotheses too!) 3. Point out methodological problems specific to research questions. 4. Can identify appropriate data collection instruments
Term
criteria for causation
Definition

 

  • variables must be related 
  • proper time order must be established
  •  the relationship between variables must not be due to some confounding or third extraneous variable

 

Term
Basic research is...
Definition
research aimed at generating fundamental knowledge and theoretical understanding abut basic human and other natural processes
Term
Case study is...
Definition
a form of qualitative research that is focussed on providing a detailed account of one or more cases.
Term
A categorical variable is...
Definition
a variable that is made up of different types or categories of a phenomenon. (ex.  the variable of gender is made up of categories - male and female.)
Term
confounding / extraneous variables are...
Definition
bad, variables that researcher did not account for!
Term
deductive reasoning
Definition
the process of drawing a conclusion that is necessarily true if the premies are true. Make sure premises are true, use valid argument forms, be careful in making assumptions and drawing conclusions.
Term
two types of quantitative research
Definition
experimental and non-experimental
Term
external validity
Definition
the extent to which the study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, times, outcomes, and treatment variations.
Term
descriptive research
Definition
descriptive studies are studies that attempt to describe the characteristics of a phenomenon (i.e. observation or polls)
Term
generalizability
Definition
the ability to make statements about a population based on sample data.
Term
historical research
Definition
research about people places and events in the past
Term
inductive reasoning
Definition
the process of drawing a conclusion that is probably true. It  uses probabilistic reasoning.  An issue with this is that things that happened in the past may not happen in the future.
Term
internal validity is...
Definition
the ability to infer that a a causal relationship exists between two variables.
Term
a moderating variables is...
Definition
fine.  It is a variable that delineates how a relationship of interest changes under different conditions or circumstances. (ex. perhaps the relationship between studying (IV) and test grades (DV) changes according to different levels od use of a drug such as ritalin (moderator))
Term
phenomenology is...
Definition
a type of qualitative research in which the researcher attempts to understand how one or more individuals experience a phenomenon (ie how kids experience stress)
Term
A quantitative variable is...
Definition
a variable that varies in degree or amount of a phenomenon.  (ex.  the variable annual income varies from zero income to a very high income level)
Term
Random assignment is
Definition
a procedure that makes assignments to conditions on the basis of chance and in this way maximizes the probability that the comparison groups will be equated on all extraneous variables. Randomly assigning a set of people to different groups.
Term
Reliability is
Definition
the consistency or stability of test scores.
Term
A true-experiment is...
Definition
a method of social research in which there are two kinds of variables. The independent variable is manipulated by the experimenter, and the dependent variable is measured. The signifying characteristic of a true experiment is that it randomly allocates the subjects in order to neutralize the potential for experimenter bias.
Term
Validity is...
Definition
the accuracy of the inferences interpretations, or actions made on the basis of test scores
Term
Experimental research is...
Definition
research in which the researcher MANIPULATES (an intervention studied by a researcher) the independent variable and is interested in showing cause and affect.
Term
Other descriptors or characteristics of Qualitative research...
Definition

 

  • Words-rich narrative
  • generally exploratory Research
  • key instrument are flexible small, purposive samples 
  • Focus is on understanding specific-context dependent 
  • Discovery, Meaning Process oriented

 

Term
Other descriptors or characteristics of quantitative research...
Definition

 

  • Numbers-statistical analysis 
  • Generally confirmatory 
  • Researcher: outside – ideally, no influence
  • High degree of control 
  • Ideal-large random sample 
  • Focus on generalizing to larger population
  • Test relationships between variables, causation 
  • Outcome oriented

 

Term
reliable but not valid:
Definition
All arrows will be in one location but not hit the bulls-eye:[image]
Term
not reliable, not valid
Definition

arrows scattered all over:

 

[image]

 

Term
reliable and valid
Definition

arrows all hitting the bulls-eye area:

 

[image]

 

Term
Types of qualitative research:
Definition

 

  • phenomenology
  • ethnography
  • case study
  • grounded theory research
  • historical

 

Term
Qualitizing and Quantitzing:
Definition
Qualitizing is converting quantitative data into qualitative data. Quantitizing isconverting qualitative data into quantitative data. Neither are encouraged, especially qualitizing.
Term
Quasi-experimental design:
Definition
an experimental research design that does not provide for full control of potential confounding variables primarily because it does not randomly assign participants to comparison groups. Sometimes it is just nt possible to randomly assign. Dr, J. says when you are lacking any one of the three criterion. If it is lacking 2 or more it s considered non-experimental.
Term
Reactivity
Definition
an alteration in performance that occurs in people as a result of being aware of participating in a study
Term
Test Retest Reliability
Definition
a measure of the consistency of scores over time
Term
Temporal Validity
Definition
the extent to which the study results can be generalized across time
Term
Random Sampling or selection
Definition
randomly selecting a group of people from a population
Term
Population validity
Definition
the ability to generalize the study results to individuals who were not included in the study
Term
**Post Hoc Fallacy
Definition
making the argument that because A preceded B, A must have caused B. making conclusions or assumptions after the fact.
Term
Participant as Observer
Definition
A researcher spends extended time with the group as an insider and tells members they are being studied.
Term
Observer as Participant
Definition
researcher spends limited about of time observing group members and tells members they are being studied
Term
**One-group pretest-posttest design is...
Definition
a research design in which a treatment condition is administered to one group of participants after pretesting, but before posttesting on the dependent variable
Term
Matching is...
Definition
equating the comparison groups on one or more variables that are correlated with the dependent variable
Term
Maturation is...
Definition
any physical or mental change that occurs over time in a participant and affects the participant’s performance on the dependent variable
Term
Interscorer reliability is
Definition
consistency among different scorers
Term
Grounded Theory is
Definition
a qualitative approach to generating and developing a theory from the data that the researcher collects; a general methodology for developing theory that is grounded in data systematically gathered and analyzed
Term
Going Native
Definition
identifying so completely with the group being studied that you can no longer remain objective
Term
Investigator Triangulation
Definition
the use of multiple investigators in collecting and interpreting the data
Term
Methods Traingulation
Definition
the use of multiple research methods
Term
Theory triangulation
Definition
the use of multiple theories and perspectives to help interpret and explain the data
Term
**Data triangulation
Definition
the use of multiple data sources
Term
**Presence or absence technique
Definition
manipulating the independent variable by presenting one group the treatment condition and withholding it from the other group
Term
ecological validity
Definition
the ability to generalize the study results across settings
Term
Disproportional stratified sampling
Definition
type of stratified sampling in which the sample proportions are made to be different from the population proportions on the stratification variable
Term
**Ethnohistory
Definition
the study of the cultural past of a group of people
Term
**Ethnocentrism
Definition
judging people from a different culture according to the standards of your own culture
Term
Culture is...
Definition
a system of shared beliefs, values, practices, perspectives, folk knowledge, language, norms, rituals, and material objects and artifacts that the members of a group use in understanding their world and in relating to others
Term
**Counterbalancing
Definition
administering the experimental treatment conditions to all comparison groups, but in a different order
Term
Convenience sampling
Definition
people who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are included in the sample
Term
Complete Participant
Definition
— researcher becomes member of group being studied and does not tell members they are being studied
Term
Complete-observer
Definition
researcher observes as an outsider and does not tell the people they are being observed
Term
Attrition
Definition
loss of people who do not complete the experiment
Term
Amount technique
Definition
manipulating the independent variable by giving the various comparison groups different amounts of the independent variable
Term
Cross-sectional research
Definition
data are collected at a single point in time
Term
Longitudinal research
Definition
data are collected at multiple time points and comparisons are made across time
Term
Control group
Definition
the group that does not receive the experimental treatment condition
Term
Stratified sampling
Definition
dividing the population into mutually exclusive groups and then selecting a random sample from each group
Term
Random assignment
Definition
a procedure that makes assignments to conditions on the basis of chance and in this way maximizes the probability that the comparison groups will be equated on all extraneous variables
Term
Random selection
Definition
randomly selecting a group of people from a population
Term
Nominal scale
Definition
a scale of measurement that uses symbols, such as words or numbers, to label, classify, or identify people or objects
Term
Ordinal scale
Definition
a rank-order scale of measurement
Term
Interval scale
Definition
a scale of measurement that has equal intervals of distances between adjacent numbers
Term
Ratio Scale
Definition
a scale of measurement that has a true zero point as well as the characteristics of the nominal (labeling), ordinal (rank ordering), and interval (equal distance) scales
Term
Order of scales
Definition
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
Term
AN answer on the test will be
Definition
Mediating Varaible
Term
assume psychological constructs are
Definition
measured quantitatively
Term
principles of validity reliability
Definition
reliability - does your measurement yield consistent results? Consistency or stability of test scores
Term
Inter-rater OR Inter-observer reliability
Definition
the degree of agreement or consistency between two or more scorers, judges, or raters
Term
test retest reliability
Definition
a measure of the consistency of scores over time
Term
Reliability and validity
Definition
are the two most important psychometric properties to consider in using a test or assessment procedure. Reliability refers to the consistency or stability of the test scores, and validity refers to the accuracy of the inferences or interpretations you make from the test scores.
Term
equivalent forms reliability
Definition
— the consistency of a group of individuals’ scores on two equivalent forms of a test measuring the same thing
Term
Split-half reliability
Definition
a measure of the consistency of the scores obtained from two equivalent halves of the same test One problem of split-half procedure is that different results can be obtained from different ways of subdividing the test.
Term
Content-related evidence —
Definition
validity evidence based on a judgment of the degree to which the items, tasks, or questions on a test adequately represent the construct domain of interest.
Term
Criterion-related validity evidence
Definition
validity evidence based on the extent to which scores from a test can be used to predict or infer performance on some criterion such as a test or future performance
Term
Concurrent validity evidence
Definition
validity evidence based on the relationship between test scores and criterion scores obtained at the same time
Term
Predictive validity evidence
Definition
validity evidence based on the relationship between test scores collected at one point in time and criterion scores occurring at a later time
Term
Convergent evidence —
Definition
validity evidence based on the relationship between the focal test scores and independent measures of the same construct
Term
Discriminant evidence —
Definition
— evidence that the scores on your focal test are not highly related to the scores from other tests that are designed to measure theoretically different constructs
Term
Norming group —
Definition
the specific group for which the test publisher or researcher provides evidence for test validity and reliability
Term
Self-report
Definition
a test-taking method in which the participants check or rate the degree to which various characteristics are descriptive of themselves
Term
methods of data collection
Definition
each had + and -...none are perfect
Term
methods of collection
Definition
Tests Questionnaires Interviews Focus groups Observation Existing or Secondary data
Term
tests
Definition
(i.e., includes standardized tests that usually include information on reliability, validity, and norms; tests constructed by researchers for specific purposes, skills tests, etc).
Term
Strengths of tests
Definition

Can measure many characteristics of people.
Often standardized.
Allows comparability of common measures across research populations.
Strong psychometric properties (validity).
Can be administered to groups.
Response rate is high for group administered tests.
Ease of data analysis because of quantitative nature of data. 

Term
Weaknesses of tests
Definition
Can be expensive if test must be purchased. Reactive effects such as social desirability can occur. Test may not be appropriate for a local or unique population. Open-ended questions and probing not available. Tests are sometimes biased against certain groups of people. Missing data.
Term
strength and weaknesses of 3 types
Definition
see chart
Term
when to use quasi experimental studies
Definition
when random assignment is not feasible, ethical, o affordable. also when population size is very small
Term
Random assignment
Definition
is the most important technique that can be used to control confounding variables because it has the ability to control for both known and unknown confounding extraneous variables. Random assignment makes the groups similar on all variables at the start of the experiment. If random assignment is successful, the groups will be mirror images of each other.
Term
Counter balancing
Definition
used to control for sequencing effects (like order and carryover). This technique is only relevant for a design in which the participants receive more than one treatment condition (e.g., repeated measures design). Latin Square*
Term
science
Definition
Science includes any systematic or carefully done actions that are carried out to answer research questions or meet other needs of a developing research domain
Term
assumptions about the nature of science
Definition
nature is orderly we can know nature all phenomena have natural causes nothing is elf evident or assumed to be true knowledge is empirical and superior
Term
Descriptive nonexperimental research
Definition
is used to provide a picture of the status or characteristics of a situation or phenomenon (e.g., what kind of personality do teachers tend to have based on the Myers-Briggs test?).
Term
Predictive nonexperimental research
Definition
is used to predict the future status of one or more dependent variables (e.g., What variables predict who will drop out of high school?).
Term
Explanatory nonexperimental research
Definition
h is used to explain how and why a phenomenon operates as it does. Interest is in cause-and-effect relationships.
Term
language is most important in
Definition
identifying culture
Term
order of P & O
Definition
CP PO OP CO
Term
random selection and random assignment
Definition
page 240 - random selection is another word for random sampling and is the random selection of people form a population.  Is like pulling names form a hat.  Random assignment is taking a set of people and randomly assigning them to groups in the experiment.  
Term
best is
Definition
multi, pre, post
Term
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
Definition
a statistical method that can be used to statistically equate groups that differ on a pretest or some other variable; a statistical method that used to examine the relationship between one categorical independent variable and one quantitative dependent variable controlling for one or more extraneous variables
Term
One group post test design
Definition
a research design in which a treatment condition is administered to one group of participants after pretesting, but before posttesting on the dependent variable
Term
History
Definition
any event, other than a planned treatment event, that occurs between the pretest and posttest measurement of the dependent variable and influences the post measurement of the dependent variable
Term
Maturation
Definition
any physical or mental change that occurs over time in a participant and affects the participant’s performance on the dependent variable
Term
Instrumentation
Definition
any change that occurs in the way the dependent variable is measured.
Term
threats to internal validity
Definition
(greatest in one group post test design) ambiguous temporal precedence testing instrumentation regression artifact (really more of a expectation) differential selection differential attrition history maturation
Term
Threats to external validity
Definition
population validity
ecological validity
temporal validity
treatment variation validity
outcome validity
Term
Purposive sampling
Definition
the researcher specifies the characteristics of the population of interest and locates individuals with those characteristics
Term
Selection-history effect
Definition
occurs when an event occurring between the pretest and posttest differentially affects the different comparison groups
Term
Selection-instrumentation effect
Definition
may exist if the nature of the dependent variable or the way it is measured varies across the nonequivalent groups
Term
Selection-maturation effect
Definition
occurs when different comparison groups experience a different rate of change on a maturation variable
Term
Selection-regression effect
Definition
may exist if the two groups are from different populations such as the experimental treatment group being from a population of individuals with low reading scores and the comparison group being from a population of individuals with high reading scores
Term
Sequencing effects
Definition
biasing effects that can occur when each participant must participate in each experimental treatment condition
Term
Stratification variable
Definition
the variable on which the population is divided
Term
Type technique
Definition
manipulating the independent variable by varying the type of variable presented to the different comparison groups
Term
stratified random sampling is 
Definition

when a group is divided up into exclusive groups (men v. women) where sex would be the stratification variable

stratified sampling may be proportionate or disproportionate

Supporting users have an ad free experience!