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Ed Psych
Vocab
233
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
08/28/2008

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Term
Correlational Study
Definition
Research study that explores possible relationships amoung variables
Term
Descriptive Study
Definition
Research study that enables researchers to draw conclusions about the current state of affairs.
Term
Experimental Study (Experiment)
Definition
Research study that involves the manipulation of one variable to determine its possible effect on another variable.
Term
APA Style
Definition
Rules and guidelines on referencing, editorial style, and manuscript format prescribed by the American Psychological Association.
Term
Self-efficacy
Definition
Belief in self
Term
Action Research
Definition
Research/experiments done by teachers in their classrooms
Term
Theory
Definition
Integrated set of concepts and principles developed to explain a particular phenomenon.
Term
Learning
Definition
Long-term change in mental representations of associations due to experience.
Term
Cognitive Process
Definition
Particular way of mentally responding to or thinking about information or an event.
Term
Cognition
Definition
Various ways of thinking about information and events
Term
Encoding
Definition
Changing the format of information being stored in memory in order to remember it more easily
Term
Neuron
Definition
Cell in the brain or another part of the nervous system that transmits information to other cells
Term
Neurotransmitter
Definition
Chemical substance with which one neuron sends a message to another
Term
Synapse
Definition
Tiny space across which on neuron regularly communicates with another; reflects an ongoing but modifiable connection between the two neurons
Term
Cortex
Definition
Upper and outer parts of the human brain, which are largely responsible for conscious and higher-level human thought processes
Term
Memory
Definition
Ability to save someting (mentally) that has been previously learned; also, the mental "location" where such information is saved
Term
Storage
Definition
Process of "putting" new information into memory
Term
Retrival
Definition
Process of "finding" information previously stored in memory
Term
Retrival Cues
Definition
Stimuli that provides guidance about where to "look" for a piece of information in long-term memory
Term
Retrival Failure
Definition
Inability to locate information that currently exists in long-term memory
Term
Sensory Register
Definition
Component of memory that holds incoming information in an unanalyzed form for a very brief time (perhaps one to two seconds)
Term
Attention
Definition
Focusing of mental processes on particular stimuli
Term
Working Memory
Definition
Component of memory that holds and actively thinks about and processes a limited amount of information
Term
Rehearsal
Definition
Cognitive process in which information is repeated over and over as a possible way of learning and remembering it
Term
Long-term Memory
Definition
Component of memory that holds knowledge and skills for a relatively long time
Term
Declarative Knowledge
Definition
Knowledge related to "what is"-that is, to the nature of how things are, were, or will be
Term
Procedural Knowledge
Definition
Knowledge concerning how to do something (e.g., a skill)
Term
Concept
Definition
Mental grouping of objects or events that have something in common
Term
Schema
Definition
General understanding of what an objecct or event is typically like
Term
Script
Definition
Schema that involves a predictable sequence of events related to a common activity
Term
Theory
Definition
Integrated set of concepts and principles developed to explain a particular phenomenon
Term
Rote Learning
Definition
Learning information in a relatively uninterpreted form, without making sense of it or attaching much meaning to it
Term
Meaningful Learning
Definition
Cognitive process in which learners relate new information to things they already know
Term
Elaboration
Definition
Cognitive process in which learners embellish on new information based on what they already know
Term
Organization
Definition
Cognitive process in which learners find connections (e.g., buy forming categories, indentifying hierarchies,determining cause-and-effect relationships) among various pieces of information they need to learn
Term
Visual Imagery
Definition
Process of forming mental pictures of objects or ideas
Term
Automaticity
Definition
Ability to respond quickly and efficiently while mentally processing or physically performing a task
Term
Learning Strategy
Definition
Intentional use of one or more cognitive processes for a particular learning task
Term
Knowledge Base
Definition
One's existing knowledge about specific topics and the world in general
Term
Conformation Bias
Definition
Tendency to seek information that confirms rather than discredits current beliefs
Term
Reconstruction Error
Definition
Construction of a logical but incorrect "memory" by using information retrieved from long-term memory in combination with general knowledge and beliefs about the world
Term
Decay
Definition
Weakening over time of information stored in long-term memory, especially if the information is used infrequently
Term
Prior Knowledge Activation
Definition
Process of reminding learners of things they have already learned relative to a new topic
Term
Conceptual Understanding
Definition
Knowledge about a topic acquired in an integrated and meaningful fashion
Term
Wait Time
Definition
Length of time a teacher pauses, after either asking a question or hearing a student's comment, before saying something
Term
Mnemonic
Definition
Memory aid or trick designed to help students learn and remember a specific piece of information
Term
Verbal Mediator
Definition
Word of phrase that forms a logical connection or "bridge" between two pieces of information
Term
Keyword Method
Definition
Mnemonic technique in which an association is made between two ideas by forming a visual image of one or more concrete objects (keywords) that either sound similar to, or symbolically represent, those ideas
Term
Superimposed Meaningful Structure
Definition
Familiar shape, word, sentence, poem, or story imposed on information in order to facilitate recall
Term
Conceptual Change
Definition
Revision of one's understanding of a topic in response to new information
Term
Learning Disability
Definition
Deficiency in one or more specific cognitive processes despite relatively normal cognitive functioning in other areas
Term
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Definition
Disorder marked by inattention, inability to inhibit inappropriate thoughts and behaviors, or both
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
Belief in the study of observable processes, especially behaviors (responses) and environment (stimuli)
Term
Constructivism
Definition
Belief that people create, rather than absorb, knowledge from observations and experiences
Term
Individual Constructivism
Definition
Belief that individual learners create knowledge through their interactions with the environment
Term
Social Constructivism (Social Construction)
Definition
Belief that by working together, two or more people can often gain better understanding (Creating a schema through the experience of society)
Term
Information Processing Theory
Definition
Focus on what goes on inside a learners head; observe execution of various tasks and behavior in various situations
Term
Social Learning Theory
Definition
Belief that people learn from observing others; often times imitating what they see
Term
Response
Definition
Specific behavior that an individual exhibits
Term
Stimulus (Stimuli)
Definition
Specific object or event that influences an individual's learning or behavior
Term
Antecedent Stimulus
Definition
Stimulus that increases the likelihood that a particular response will follow
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
Form of learning in which a response increases in frequency as a result of its being followed by reinforcement
Term
Reinforcer
Definition
Consequence of a response that leads to increased frequency of the response
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
Act of following a response with a reinforcer
Term
Primary Reinforcer
Definition
Consequence that satisfies a biologically built-in need
Term
Secondary Reinforcer
Definition
Consequence that becomes reinforcing over time through its association with another reinforcer
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
Phenomenon in which a response increases as a result of the presentation (rather than removal) of a stimulus
Term
Extrinsic Reinforcer
Definition
Reinforcer that comes from the outside environment, rather than from within the learner
Term
Intrinsic Reinforcer
Definition
Reinforcer provided by oneself or inherent in a task being performed
Term
Delay of Gratification
Definition
Ability to forego small, immediate reinforcers to obtain larger ones later on
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
Phenomenon in which a response increases as a result of the removal (rather that presentation) of a stimulus
Term
Punishment
Definition
Consequence that decreases the frequency of the response it follows
Term
Presentation Punishment
Definition
Punishment involving presentation of a new stimulus, presumably one a learner finds unpleasant
Term
Removal Punishment
Definition
Punishment involving removal of an existing stimulus, presumably one a learner finds desirable and doesn't want to lose
Term
Model
Definition
Person who demonstrates a behavior for someone else
Term
Modeling
Definition
Demonstrating a behavior for another, also, observing and imitating another's behavior
Term
Live Model
Definition
Individual whose behavior is directly obseved in one's immediate environment
Term
Symbolic Model
Definition
Real or fictional character portrayed in the media that influences an observer's behavior
Term
Prosocial Behavior
Definition
Behavior directed toward promoting the well-being of another
Term
Vicarious Reinforcement
Definition
Phenomenon in which a response increases in frequency when another (observed) person is reinforced for that response
Term
Vicarious Punishment
Definition
Phenonmenon in which a response decreases in frequency when another (observed) person is punished for that response
Term
Incentive
Definition
Hoped-for, but not guaranteed, future consquence of behavior
Term
Situated Learning and Cognition
Definition
Knowledge, behaviors, and thinking skills acquired and used primarily within certain contexts, with limited if any use in other contexts
Term
Educational Psychology
Definition
Academic descipline that studies and applies concepts and theories of psychology relevant to instructional practice
Term
Mediated Learning Experience
Definition
Social interaction in which an adult helps a child interpret a phenomenon or event in partcular(usually culturally appropriate) ways
Term
Learner-Centered Instruction
Definition
Approach to teaching in which instructional strategies are chosen largely on the basis of students' existing abilities, predespositions, and needs
Term
Cognitive Tool
Definition
Concept, symbol, strategy, procedure, or other culturally constructed mechanism that helps people think about and respond to situations more effectively
Term
Distributed Cognition
Definition
Process in which two or more learners each contribute knowledge and ideas as they work collaboratively on an issue or problem
Term
Culture
Definition
Behaviors and belief systems that members of a long-standing social group share and pass along to successive generations
Term
Society
Definition
Large, enduring social group that is socially and economically organized and has collective institutions and activities
Term
Ethnic Group
Definition
People who have common historical roots, values, beliefs, and behaviors and who share a sense of interdependence
Term
Socialization
Definition
Process of molding a child's behavior and beliefs to be appropriate for the cultural group
Term
Personal Space
Definition
Personally or culturally preferred distance between two people during social interaction
Term
Worldview
Definition
General, culturally based set of assumptions about reality that influence understandings of a wide variety of phenomena
Term
Culture Shock
Definition
Sense of confusion when a student encounters a culture with behavioral expectations very different from those previously learned
Term
Cultural Mismatch
Definition
Situation in which a child's home culture and the school culture hold conflicting expectations for the child's behavior
Term
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
Definition
U.S. legislation granting educational rights to people with cognitive, emotional, or physical disabilities from birth until age 21, initially passed in 1975, it has been amended and reauthorized several times
Term
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Definition
One's general social and economic standing in society (encompasses family income, educational level, occupational status, and related factors)
Term
Reciprocal Causation
Definition
Mutual cause-and-effect relationships among environment, behavior, and personal variables as these three factors influence learning and development
Term
Niche-picking
Definition
Tendency for a learner to seek out environmental conditions that are a good match with his or her existing characteristics and behaviors
Term
Cueing
Definition
Use of simple signals to indicate that a certain behavior is desired or that a certain behavior should stop
Term
Extinction
Definition
Gradual disappeareance of an acquired response; in the case of a response acquired through operant conditioning, it results from repeated lack of reinforcement for the response
Term
Token Economy
Definition
Classroom strategy in which desired behaviors are reinforced by tokens that the learner can use to "purchase" a variety of other, backup reinforcers
Term
Contingency
Definition
Situation in which one event (e.g. reinforcement) happens only after another event (e.g. a specific response) has already occurred (one event is contingent on the other's occurrence)
Term
Contingency Contract
Definition
Formal agreement between teacher and student that identifies behaviors the student will exhibit and the reinforcers that will follow
Term
Incompatible Behaviors
Definition
Two or more behaviors that cannot be performed simultaneously
Term
Shaping
Definition
Process of reinforcing successively closer and closer approximations to a desired behavior
Term
Community of Learners
Definition
Class in which teacher and students actively and collaborativley work to create a body of knowledge and help one another learn
Term
Multicultural Education
Definition
Instruction that integrates perspectives and experiences of numerous cultural groups throughout the curriculum
Term
High-Level Cognitive Process
Definition
Cognitive process that involves going well beyond information specifically learned
Term
Metacognition
Definition
Knowledge and beliefs about one's own cognitive processes, as well as conscious attempts to engage in behaviors and thought processes that increase learning and memory
Term
Overt Strategy
Definition
Learning strategy that is at least partially evident in the learner's behavior
Term
Concept Map
Definition
Diagram of concepts and their interrelationships; used to enhance learning and memory of a topic
Term
Covert Strategy
Definition
Learning strategy that is strictly mental (rather than behavioral) in nature and so cannot be observed by others
Term
Comprehension Monitoring
Definition
Process of checking oneself to be sure one understands and remembers newly acquired information
Term
Illusion of Knowing
Definition
Thinking that one knows something that one actually does not know
Term
Epistemological Belief
Definition
Belief about the nature of knowledge or knowledge acquisition
Term
Self-regulation
Definition
Process of taking control of and evaluating one's own learning and behavior
Term
Central Executive
Definition
Component of the human information processing system that oversees the flow of information throughout the system
Term
Self-instructions
Definition
Instructions that one gives oneself while executing a complex task
Term
Self-monitoring
Definition
Observing and recording one's own behavior to check progress toward a goal
Term
Self-evaluation
Definition
Judgment of one's own performance or behavior
Term
Self-imposed Contingency
Definition
Self-reinforcement or self-punishment that follows a particular behavior
Term
Co-regulated learning
Definition
Process through which an adult and child share responsibility for directing various aspects of the child's learning
Term
Transfer
Definition
Phenomenon in which something a person has learned at one time affects how the person learns or performs in a later situation
Term
Positive Transfer
Definition
Phenomenon in which something learned at one time facilitates learning or performance at a later time
Term
Negative Transfer
Definition
Phenomenon in which something learned at one time interferes with learning or performance at a later time
Term
Specific Transfer
Definition
Instance of transfer in which the original learning task and the transfer task overlap in content
Term
General Transfer
Definition
Instance of transfer in which the original learning task and the transfer task are different in content
Term
Problem Solving
Definition
Using existing knowledge or skills to address an unanswered question or troubling situation
Term
Creativity
Definition
New and original behavior that yields a productive and culturally appropriate result
Term
Convergent Thinking
Definition
Process of pulling several pieces of information together to draw a conclusion or solve a problem
Term
Divergent Thinking
Definition
Process of mentally moving in a variety of directions from a single idea
Term
Mental Set
Definition
Inclination to encode a problem or situation in a way that excludes potential solutions
Term
Algorithm
Definition
Prescribed sequence of steps that guarantees a correct problem solution
Term
Heuristics
Definition
General strategy that facilitates problem solving or creativity but does not always yield a successful outcome
Term
Critical Thinking
Definition
Process of evaluating the accuracy and worth of information and lines of reasoning
Term
Disposition
Definition
General inclination to approach and think about learning and problem-solving tasks in a particular way
Term
Authentic Activity
Definition
Approach to instruction similar to one students might encounter in the outside world
Term
Problem-based Learning
Definition
Classroom activity in which students acquire new knowledge and skills while working on a complex problem similar to those in the outside world
Term
Project-based Learning
Definition
Classroom activity in which students acquire new knowledge and skills while working on a complex, multifaceted project that yields a concrete end product
Term
Developmental Milestone
Definition
Appearance of a new, developmentally more advanced behavior
Term
Universal (in development)
Definition
Similar pattern in how children change and progress over time regardless of their specific environment
Term
Stage Theory
Definition
Theory that depicts development as a series of relatively discrete periods (stages)
Term
Maturation
Definition
Unfolding of genetically controlled changes as a child develops
Term
Temperament
Definition
Genetic predisposition to respond in particular ways to one's physical and social environments
Term
Sensitive Period
Definition
Genetically determined age range during which a certain aspect of a child's development is especially susceptible to environmental conditions
Term
Synaptogenesis
Definition
Universal process in early brain development in which many new synapses form spontaneously
Term
Synaptic Pruning
Definition
Universal process in brain development in which many previously formed synapses wither away
Term
Myelination
Definition
Growth of a fatty coating(myelin) around neurons, enabling faster transmission of messages
Term
Plasticity
Definition
Capacity for the brain to learn and adapt to new circumstances
Term
Scheme
Definition
Organized group of similar actions or thoughts that are used repeatedly in response to the environment
Term
Assimilation
Definition
Responding to and possibly interpreting a new event in a way that is consistent with an existing scheme
Term
Accommodation
Definition
Responding to a new object or event by either modifying an existing scheme or forming a new one
Term
Self Talk
Definition
Process of talking to oneself as a way of guiding oneself through a task
Term
Inner Speech
Definition
Process of "talking" to oneself mentally (usually to guide oneself through a task) rather than aloud
Term
Internalization
Definition
Process through which a learner gradually incorporates socially based activities into his or her internal cognitive processes
Term
Equilibrium
Definition
State of being able to explain new events with existing schemes
Term
Disequilibrium
Definition
Inability to explain new events with existing schemes; tends to be accompanied by a sense of discomfort
Term
Equilibration
Definition
Movement from equilirium to disequilibrium and back to equilibrium, a process that promotes development of more complex thought and understandings
Term
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Definition
Range of tasks that a child can perform with the help and guidance of others but cannot yet perform independently
Term
Preoperational Stage
Definition
Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, in which children can think about objects beyond their immediate view but do not yet reason in logical, adult-like ways
Term
Conservation
Definition
Realization that if nothing is added or taken away, amount stays the same regardless of alterations in shape or arrangement
Term
Concrete Operations Stage
Definition
Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, in which adult-like logic appears but is limited to concrete reality
Term
Formal Operations Stage
Definition
Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development, in which logical reasoning processes are applied to abstract ideas as well as to concrete objects, and more sophisticated scientific and mathematical reasoning processes emerge
Term
Expertise
Definition
Extensive and well-integrated knowledge of a topic that comes from many years of study and practice
Term
Intelligence
Definition
Ability to modify and adjust behaviors to accomplish new tasks successfully; involves many different mental processes and may vary in nature depending on one's culture
Term
Intelligence Test
Definition
General measure of current cognitive functioning, used primarily to predict academic achievement over the short run
Term
IQ Score
Definition
Score on an intelligence test; determined by comparing a person's performance with that of others in the same age-group
Term
g
Definition
Theoretical general factor in intelligence that influences one's ability to learn in a wide variety of contexts
Term
Cognitive Style
Definition
Characteristic way in which a learner tends to think about a task and process new information; typically comes into play automatically rather than by choice
Term
Disposition
Definition
General inclination to approach and think about learning and problem-solving tasks in a particular way; typically has a motivational component in addtion to cognitive components
Term
Distributed Intelligence
Definition
Idea that people act more "intelligently" when they have physical, symbolic, or social assistance
Term
Clinical Method
Definition
Procedure in which an adult probes a child's reasoning about a task or problem, tailoring follow-up questions to the child's earlier responses
Term
Giftedness
Definition
Unusually high ability in one or more areas, to the point where students require special educational services to help them meet their full potential
Term
Mental Retardation
Definition
Disability characterized by significantly below-average general intelligence and deficits in practical and social skills
Term
Discovery Learning
Definition
Approach to instruction in which students develop an understanding of a topic through firsthand interaction with the environment
Term
Reciprocal Teaching
Definition
Approach to teaching reading and listening comprehension in which students take turns asking teacher-like questions of classmates
Term
Scaffolding
Definition
Support mechanism that helps a learner successfully perform a task within his or her zone of proximal development
Term
Guided Participation
Definition
A child's performance, with guidance and support, of an activity in the adult world
Term
Apprenticeship
Definition
Mentorship in which a learner works intensively with an experienced adult to learn how to perform complex new skills
Term
Cognitive Apprenticeship
Definition
Mentorship in which a teacher and a student work together on a challenging task and the teacher gives guidance about how to think about the task
Term
Sense of Self
Definition
Perceptions, beliefs, judgments, and feelings about oneself as a person.
Term
Personality
Definition
Characteristic ways in which an individual behaves, thinks, and feels.
Term
Authoritative Parenting
Definition
Parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, inclusion of children in decision making, and reasonable opportunities for autonomy.
Term
Authoritatian Parenting
Definition
Parenting style characterized by rigid rules and expectations for behavior that children are asked to obey without question.
Term
Identity
Definition
Self-constructed definition of who one thinks one is and what things are important in life.
Term
Personal Fable
Definition
Belief that one is completely unlike anyone else and so cannot be understood by others.
Term
Imaginary Audience
Definition
Belief that one is the center of attention in any social situation.
Term
Gender Schema
Definition
Self-constructed, organized body of beliefs about the traits and behaviors of males or females
Term
Self-socialization
Definition
Tendency to integrate personal observations and others' input into self-constructed standards for behavior and to choose actions consistent with those standards
Term
Peer Pressure
Definition
Phenomenon whereby age-mates strongly encourage some behaviors and discourage others
Term
Clique
Definition
Moderately stable friendship group of perhaps 3 to 10 members
Term
Crowd
Definition
Large, loose-knit social group that shares common interests and attitudes
Term
Subculture
Definition
Group that resists the ways of the dominant culture and adopts its own norms for behavior
Term
Gang
Definition
Cohesive social group characterized by initiation rites, distinctive colors and symbols, territorial orientation, and feuds with rival groups
Term
Popular Student
Definition
Student whom many peers like and perceive to be kind and trustworthy
Term
Rejected Student
Definition
Student whom many peers identify as being an undesirable social partner
Term
Controversial Student
Definition
Student whom some peers strongly like and other peers strongly dislike
Term
Neglected Student
Definition
Student about whom most peers have no strong feelings, either positive or negative
Term
Social Cognition
Definition
Process of thinking about how other people are likely to think, act, and react
Term
Perspective Taking
Definition
Ability to look at a situation from someone else's point of view
Term
Theory of Mind
Definition
Self-constructed understanding of one's own and other people's mental and psychological states
Term
Recursive Thinking
Definition
Thinking about what other people may be thinking about oneself, possibly through multiple iterations
Term
Social Information Processing
Definition
Mental Processes involved in understanding and responding to social events
Term
Aggressive Behavior
Definition
Action intentionally taken to harm another person either physically or psychologically
Term
Physical Aggression
Definition
Action that can potentially cause bodily injury
Term
Relational Aggression
Definition
Action that can adversely affect interpersonal relationships
Term
Proactive Aggression
Definition
Deliberate aggression against another as a means of obtaining a desired goal
Term
Reactive Aggression
Definition
Aggressive response to frustration or provocation
Term
Bully
Definition
Child or adolescent who frequently threatens, harasses, or causes injury to particular peers
Term
Hostile Attributional Bias
Definition
Tendency to interpret others' behaviors as reflecting hostile or aggresssive intentions
Term
Morality
Definition
One's general standards about right and wrong behavior
Term
Moral Transgression
Definition
Action that causes harm or infringes on the needs or rights of others
Term
Conventional Transgression
Definition
Action that violates a culture's general expectations regarding socially appropriate behavior
Term
Guilt
Definition
Feeling of discomfort when one knows one has caused someone else pain or distress
Term
Empathy
Definition
Experience of sharing the same feelings as someone in unfortunate circumstances
Term
Shame
Definition
Feeling of embarrassment or humiliation after failing to meet standards for moral behavior that adults have set
Term
Ethnic Identity
Definition
Awareness of one's membership in a particular ethnic or cultural group, and willingness to adopt behaviors characteristic of the group
Term
Distributive Justice
Definition
Beliefs about what constitutes people's fair share of a desired commodity
Term
Moral Dilemma
Definition
Situation in which two or more people's rights or needs may be at odds and the morally correct action is not clear-cut
Term
Preconventional Morality
Definition
Lack of internalized standards about right and wrong; making decisions based solely on what is best for oneself
Term
Conventional Morality
Definition
Uncritical acceptance of society's conventions regarding right and wrong
Term
Postconventional Morality
Definition
Thinking in accordance with self-constructed, abstract principles regarding right and wrong
Term
Sympathy
Definition
Feeling of sorrow or concern for another person's problems or distress
Term
Induction
Definition
Explanation of why a certain behavior is unacceptable, often with a focus on the pain or distress that someone has caused another
Term
Student at Risk
Definition
Student who has a high probability of failing to acquire the minimum academic skills necessary for success in the adult world
Term
Resilient Student
Definition
Student who succeeds in school and in life despite exceptional hardships at home
Term
Peer Mediation
Definition
Approach to conflict resolution in which a student (mediator) asks peers in conflict to express their differing viewpoints and then work together to identify and appropriate compromise
Term
Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
Definition
Emotional states and behaviors that consistently and significantly disrupt academic learning and performance
Term
Externalizing Behavior
Definition
Symptom of an emtional or behavioral disorder that has a direct effect on other people
Term
Internalizing Behavior
Definition
Symptom of an emotional or behavioral disorder that primarily affects the student with the disorder but has little or no direct effect on others
Term
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Definition
Disorders marked by impaired social cognition, social skills, and social interaction, presumably due to a brain abnormality; extereme forms often associated with significant cognitive and linguistic delays and highly unusual behaviors
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