is the leading city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy.^[1]  city distribution' has one very large city with many much smaller cities and towns, and no intermediate-sized urban centres, in contrast to the linear 'rank-size distribution'.^[2] at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant."^[4]  number one in its country in most aspects, like politics, economy, media, culture and universities.

the rest of the country depends on it for cultural, economic, political, and major transportation needs.^{[citation needed]} On the other hand depends on the rest of the country as paying consumers of the cultural, economic, political and other services produced in the city.

The presence of this in a country may indicate an imbalance in development – usually a progressive core, and a lagging periphery, on which the city depends for labor and other resources.^[5] However, the urban structure is not directly dependent on a country's level of economic development.^[1]

World City

 Biodiversity

is the degree of variation of life forms within a given species, ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. a measure of the health of ecosystems. in part a function of climate. In terrestrial habitats, tropical regions are typically rich whereas polar regions support fewer species.

Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. One estimate is that less than 1% of the species that have existed on Earth are extant.^[1]

Biome

are climatically and geographically defined as similar climatic conditions on the Earth, such as communities of plants, animals, and soil organisms,^[1] and are often referred to as ecosystems. Some parts of the earth have more or less the same kind of abiotic and biotic factors spread over a large area, creating a typical ecosystem over that area. Such major ecosystems are termed as biomes.defined by factors such as plant structures (such as trees, shrubs, and grasses), leaf types (such as broadleaf and needleleaf), plant spacing (forest, woodland, savanna), and climate. often identified with particular patterns of ecological succession and climax vegetation (quasiequilibrium state of the local ecosystem). An ecosystem has many biotopes and a biome is a major habitat type. A major habitat type, however, is a compromise, as it has an intrinsic inhomogeneity.

is a biological system consisting of all the living organisms or biotic components in a particular area and the nonliving or abiotic components with which the organisms interact, such as air, mineral soil, water, and sunlight.^[1] Key processes include the capture of light energy and carbon through photosynthesis, the transfer of carbon and energy through food webs, and the release of nutrients and carbon through decomposition.

 Foreign Direct Investment

as opposed to Intensive farming) is a production system that uses small inputs of labour, fertilizers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed.

 farming most commonly refers to sheep and cattle farming in areas with low agricultural productivity, but can also refer to large-scale growing of wheat, barley and other grain crops in areas like the Murray-Darling Basin. Here, owing to the extreme age and poverty of the soils, yields per hectare are very low, but the flat terrain and very large farm sizes mean yields per unit of labour are high. Nomadic herding is an extreme example of farming, where herders move their animals to use feed from occasional rainfalls.

Biosphere

is the global sum of all ecosystems. It can also be called the zone of life on Earth, a closed (apart from solar and cosmic radiation) and self-regulating system.^[1] From the broadest biophysiological point of view, is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.  is postulated to have evolved, beginning through a process of biogenesis or biopoesis, at least some 3.5 billion years ago.[

Human Development Index

composite statistic used to rank countries by level, taken as a synonym of the older terms (the standard of living and/or quality of life), and distinguishing "very high", "high", "medium", and "low development" countries.

• A long and healthy life: Life expectancy at birth
• Education index: Mean years of schooling and Expected years of schooling
• A decent standard of living: GNI per capita (PPP US$)

The HDI combined three dimensions up until its 2011 report:

• Life expectancy at birth, as an index of population health and longevity
• Knowledge and education, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds weighting) and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment ratio (with one-third weighting).
• Standard of living, as indicated by the natural logarithm of gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity.

Intensive Agriculture

production system characterized by a low fallow ratio and the high use of inputs such as capital, labour, or heavy use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers relative to land area.^[1][2].

This is in contrast to many sorts of traditional in which the inputs per unit land are lower. With intensification, labor use typically goes up, unless, or until, it gets replaced by machines (energy inputs) at which point labor use can decrease dramatically. the dominant response to population growth, as it allows for producing more food on the same amount of land.

Natural Resource

Non-Renewable

is a natural resource which cannot be reproduced, grown, generated, or used on a scale which can sustain its consumption rate, once depleted there is no more available for future needs.

resources that are consumed much faster than nature can create them.

Ex:

Fossil fuels (such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas), nuclear power (uranium) and certain aquifers are examples. Metals are prime examples of non-renewable resources. In contrast, resources such as timber (when harvested sustainably) are considered renewable resources.

resources such as coal, petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas take thousands of years to form naturally and cannot be replaced as fast as they are being consumed. Eventually natural resources will become too costly to harvest and humanity will need to find other sources of energy.

At present, the main energy source used by humans are non-renewable fossil fuels, as a result of continual use since the first internal combustion engine in the 17th century, the fuel is still in high demand with conventional infrastructure and transport which are fitted with the combustion engine. The continual use of fossil fuels at the current rate will increase global warming and cause more severe climate change.

Economy

the labor, capital and land resources; and the manufacturing, production, trade, distribution, and consumption of goods and services of that area

making direct use of natural resources. This includes agriculture, forestry and fishing, mining, and extraction of oil and gas. This is contrasted with the secondary sector, producing manufactured and other processed goods, and the tertiary sector, producing services. The primary sector is usually most important in less developed countries, and typically less important in industrial countries.

The manufacturing industries that aggregate, pack, package, purify or process the raw materials close to the primary producers are normally considered part of this sector, especially if the raw material is unsuitable for sale or difficult to transport long distances.^[1]

Quaternary Activity

 Quinary Activity

companies invest to ensure further expansion. It is seen as a way to generate higher margins or returns on investment.^[5] Research will be directed into cutting costs, tapping into markets, producing innovative ideas, new production methods and methods of manufacture, amongst others. To many industries, such as the pharmaceutical industry, the sector is the most valuable because it creates future branded products from which the company will profit.

According to some definitions, the quaternary sector includes other pure services, such as the entertainment industry.

 consists of those industries providing information services, such as computing and ICT (information and communication technologies), consultancy (offering advice to businesses) and R&D (research, particularly in scientific fields).

natural resource with the ability to reproduce through biological or natural processes and replenished with the passage of time. Renewable resources are part of our natural environment and form our eco-system.

 are endangered by industrial developments and growth. They must be carefully managed to avoid exceeding the natural world's capacity to replenish them. A life cycle assessment provides a systematic means of evaluating renewability. This is a matter of sustainability in the natural environment.

Solar radiation, tides, winds, geothermal, biomass and other natural elements 

Spatially Fixed Costs

 Spatially Variable Costs

Costs that remain the same no matter where a business chooses to locate.

Costs that vary or change depending on the location of an industrial activity.

Subsistence Economy

Tertiary Activity

is an economy which refers simply to the gathering or amassment of objects of value; the increase in wealth; or the creation of wealth.

The service sector consists of the "soft" parts of the economy, i.e. activities where people offer their knowledge and time to improve productivity, performance, potential, and sustainability. The basic characteristic of this sector is the production of services instead of end products. Services (also known as "intangible goods") include attention, advice, experience, and discussion. The production of information is generally also regarded as a service, but some economists now attribute it to a fourth sector, the quaternary sector.

 industry involves the provision of services to other businesses as well as final consumers. Services may involve the transport, distribution and sale of goods from producer to a consumer, as may happen in wholesaling and retailing, or may involve the provision of a service, such as in pest control or entertainment. The goods may be transformed in the process of providing the service, as happens in the restaurant industry. However, the focus is on people interacting with people and serving the customer rather than transforming physical goods.