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Globalization should reduce poverty, boost tax revenue and promote democracy/other key rights over time
Redistribution will not work in poor countries like India
Globalization may exacerbate poverty in short-term
Still a need to address social/poverty concerns – economics will not solve everything |
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| Free market economic policy is key to development, not aid |
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Deglobalization
“One-size-fits-all” model leaves no space for developing countries to determine economic strategies themselves
Capital controls, decentralization, pluralism, checks and balances |
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New global market – competitive advantage to different countries
Value-added chain |
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Feed-in tariffs
Germany – German Renewable Energy Act
U.S. would be opposed to this type of policy because it is against market fundamentalism
Third generation rights (collective) |
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Social cash transfers – give money to poor families with no strings attached
What is the need of an entire industry deciding what is best for the poor? |
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Money has transformed agriculture
Decreased biodiversity, destroyed soil, increase in farmer suicides (India), increased use of GMOs, pesticides, fertilizers, non-renewable practices
Money flows increase, but life is extinguished and wellbeing diminished |
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U.S. affiliate of Fair Trade International recently broke ties with the global parent body and began to change policies
Products can be certified as “Fair Trade” in the U.S. if they were produced on corporate-sponsored plantations, in an effort to lower prices of fair trade products and expand the market for such goods
This change in policy could potentially drive farmer-owned co-operatives out of business |
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Conditions in Africa have improved in recent decades
Aid is not problem, but rather circumstances and history
• Unfavorable geography (largely landlocked)
• Unfavorable conditions for agricultural production (poor soil quality; climate)
• “Unique disease ecology”
• Colonial legacy (pathetic education, health care and infrastructure at independence)
No aid for nets – increases poverty and suffering in Africa |
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Should not lump the aid together
Aid is doing good and needs to be protected: 1) commodity exchange, 2) wireless transformation 3) microfinance
If aid is cut off, what is the alternative? |
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Aid does not generate growth or alleviate poverty (no country has ever meaningfully reduced poverty by relying on aid)
We have 300 years of evidence of what works in terms of development (trade, increasing foreign and domestic investment)
Marshall Plan worked – short, sharp and finite
In Africa today, aid is an open-ended commitment – gives no incentive for African governments to look for other options or care about what citizens want or need (aid fuels corruption)
Africa is worse off today than it was 40 years ago |
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Racist, paternalistic desire to “develop” countries like Ethiopia
Quest for visibility from economic elite and politicians – not as much concern with actual results on poor people |
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| Myths about aid: corrupt governments are not the only reason for aid (health, infrastructure, education), all money going down drain, nothing getting achieved, trade not aid |
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The money meant for those who need it most is not reaching the people it is intended for
Tragedies of aid: unnecessary suffering, donors have spent so much money on aid, worsens corruption and blocks democracy
India, China, Gang of Four- incredible strides without West telling them what to do and without Western assistance |
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“Kicking away the ladder”
All of today’s developed countries rejected free trade when they were developing (Great Britain and U.S.)
Free trade is not key to prosperity at start of development – historically proven |
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Aid to Africa is doing more harm than good
There are unequal power relations, outsiders are telling those who need aid what to do and how to act |
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| Appelbaum and Lichtenstein |
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Definition
Structure of the global economy (see Gereffi reading) benefits certain interests vs. certain other interests (people who produced stuff used to make money – now the retailer makes all the money)
Wal-Mart commands information from its consumers about what they want and have flipped old relationship
Now, brand means so much that retailers can make all the profit |
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Debate should not be about more/less aid, but about how aid is given
Aid should be more humble, more honest, and more pragmatic (less ideological)
We should: reduce intensity of engagement, reduce the number of donors in a country, reduce size of donor organizations and reorient their staff, different donor agencies should give different types of aid, increase aid for production/productivity, reduce areas of intervention and number of projects |
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World Bank views Bangladesh as a poor “basket case” in need of neoliberal economic policy and urbanization
However, Bangladesh is self-sufficient, practices sustainable, organic agriculture, has local control, etc.
No difference between Bangladesh and India in terms of statistics, but World Bank says India is improving because of policy adoption |
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Information
Value chain
Living standards of Ethiopians (“The good life”)
Aid vs. trade
Fair trade |
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Worker-owned cooperatives
Alter globalization |
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