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Econ
Test 3
43
Economics
Undergraduate 2
02/21/2012

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Term
recessionary gap
Definition
the vertical distance between AS and AE at full employment. Y*
Term
inflationary gap
Definition
the vertical distance between AS and AE at full employment. Ye
Term
Net Taxes (Tn)
Definition
taxes - transfers = ?
Term
deficit budget
Definition
government purchases(G) in excess of net taxes(Tn). G>Tn
Term
surplus budget
Definition
net taxes(Tn) in excess of government purchases (G). Tn>G
Term
balanced budget
Definition
G=Tn
Term
fiscal
Definition
adjective meaning having to do with revenues (income) and expenditures (spending, outlays)
Term
fiscal year
Definition
for the federal government, 10/1-9/30. Named for the year in which in which it mainly falls, the year in which it ends
Term
procyclical
Definition
adjective meaning causing the business cycle to be more pronounced
Term
"Sir" John Maynard Keynes
Definition
British economist who suggested that raising AE by purposely running a federal budget deficit would be expansionary. His ideas "made their way by train to Washington, D.C.
Term
fiscal policy
Definition
use by the federal government of taxes, transfers, and government purchases to move the economy toward a non-inflationary level of Y* via manipulation of AE (or final sales if actual)
Term
fiscal policy
Definition
either "on the books" or discretionary
Term
built-in stabilization
Definition
the automatic change in the relationship of G and Tn which occurs as Y rises and falls. Cushions economy as Y falls and dampens inflation as Y rises. Also called automatic stabilization and/or non-discretionary fiscal policy as it is "on the books" already.
Term
discretionary fiscal policy
Definition
any deliberate change in Tn and/or G to change AE, to encourage the economy to move toward a non-inflationary Y*. Considered liberal.
Term
discretionary fiscal policy
Definition
any deliberate change in Tn and/or G to change AE, to encourage the economy to move toward a non-inflationary Y*. Considered liberal.
Term
expansionary fiscal policy
Definition
decreases in taxes, increases in transfers, and/or increases in G to raise AE and stimulate growth in Y and employment.
Term
"contractionary" fiscal policy
Definition
increases in taxes, and/or decreases in transfers and/or G to lower excess AE and dampen inflation, hopefully, not creating contraction at the same time.
Term
"contractionary" fiscal policy
Definition
keynes would not approve
Term
balanced budget changes
Definition
equal changes in G and Tn. "pay-as-you-go"
Term
balanced budget multiplier rule
Definition
equal, like direction changes in Tn and G will result in an equal, like direction change in Y.
Term
True
Definition
balanced budget changes are procyclical.
Term
national debt
Definition
sum of all outstanding government securities

-this is a cumulative amount. There is a so-called debt limit, often raised by Congress and the President
Term
debt limit
Definition
maximum amount of government securities that can be outstanding without further legislation
Term
government securities
Definition
IOU's against the U.S. treasury. Nicknamed "Treasurys"

-the Treasury sells these to finance deficits.
Term
government securities
Definition
Government securities are purchased by those who aim to have a safe form of investment with a given term to maturity and guaranteed return. The purchasers of these securities are creditors to the Treasury.
Term
Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (TIPS)
Definition
long-term gov securities are indexed in the rate of inflation so that the interest earned keeps pace with inflation.
Term
deficit
Definition
shortfall of revenues (income, receipts) relative to expenditures (spending)
Term
bonds, notes, and bills
Definition
what are the three main types of government securities?
Term
bonds
Definition
type of government security (also called savings bonds) 10-30 years
Term
notes
Definition
type of government security 2-10 years
Term
bills
Definition
type of government security (also called T-bills) 13,26,52 weeks
Term
domestic, foreign, federal reserve (the fed)
Definition
what are the 3 classifications of creditors? (creditors are buyers of government securities)
Term
domestic
Definition
classification of creditor. is internally held debt.
Term
foreign
Definition
classification of creditor. is externally held debt. PRC(China) and the asian tigers hold much of this.
Term
Federal Reserve, the "Fed"
Definition
classification of creditor. is a monetized debt.
Term
average tax rate
Definition
$ taxes paid/$taxable income
Term
marginal tax rate
Definition
$ change in taxes paid/ $ change in taxable income
Term
marginal tax rate
Definition
is the percentage of change in income that is paid in taxes.

this tax rate applies to separate chunks of income (tax brackets)
Term
diminishing marginal utility argument
Definition
states as an individual successive dollars, each successive dollar is needed less, appreciated less, and therefore should be taxed at a higher rate.
Term
diminishing marginal utility argument
Definition
this is consistent with greater egalitarianism and the practice of distributive justice; however, it is inconsistent with market justice
Term
liberals, conservatives
Definition
____________ often favor progressivity, however, ___________ favor lesser progressivity.
Term
taxable income
Definition
this is gross income minus "loopholes" (so-called personal exemptions and deductions)
Term
average tax rate
Definition
the overall percentage of total income paid on taxes, is the number of dollars paid in taxes divided by the overall income.
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