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ECON Final
All Chapters
99
Economics
12th Grade
05/03/2010

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Term
Standard of Living =
Definition
GDP/Pop (Y/Pop) or [Y/L * L/Pop]
Term
% Δ SOL =
Definition
%Δ Y - %Δ Pop or %Δ Y/L + %Δ L/Pop
Term
Rule of 72
Definition
72/%Δ S of L
Term
Unemployed =
Definition
not working + actively seeking + special circumstance
Term
Labor Force =
Definition
Working + unemployed
Term
Discouraged Workers:
Definition
not working, given up/no interest
Term
Labor Force Participation Rate:
Definition
LF / Pop >= 16
Term
Official Unemployment Rate:
Definition
U / LF
Term
Frictional U:
Definition
Temp (quit, fired, new to job market)
Term
Structural U:
Definition
Excess supply of workers
Term
Cyclical U:
Definition
Lost job due to economy is recession
Term
Consumer Price Index:
Definition
Today’s Goods * Today’s Prices
Today’s Goods * Base Year Prices

*Cumulative CPI = CPI - 100

1) CPI Now - CPI Last Period
CPI Last Period

2) Inflation Rate = [w1 x %ΔP1] + [w2 x % ΔP2] ….
a. w1 + w2 +… = 100% or 1
b. % ΔP: whole number (20% = 20)
Term
GDP Deflator:
Definition
Nominal GDP $ Value of current output at current prices
Real GDP $ Value of current output at base year prices
Term
GDP #1
Definition
Net Exports (Export - Import) + Investment (Adding to K stock) + Gov Purchase + Consumption
Term
GDP #2
Definition
Indirect Business Tax + Capital Consumption Allowance (Depreciation) + K Income + Labor Income

*National Income = K income + labor income
Term
GNP
Definition
GDP - (output of Foreigners in USA) + (Output of Americans and Firms in other countries)
Term
GDP Deflator
Definition
Nominal GDP (Current output * current $) / Real GDP (Current output * base $) * 100

Cum inflation = GDP Deflator - 100
Term
Gross "" --> Net ""
Definition
Gross - Depreciation
Term
Stock Concept
Definition
measured at one specific time, quantity existing at any point in time

Ex. GDP, Wealth, Saving
Term
Flow Concept
Definition
measured over a period of time, measured at "unit per time"

Ex. Check Account Balance, K stock, Investment
Term
What does GDP measure?
Definition
Current output of final products and exports

Household output (Non market activity) and output that takes place in Underground Economy not in GDP
Term
How is I financed?
Definition
1. Retained earnings
2. Borrow: from banks (small businesses)
selling bonds (large businesses)
3. Issuing common stock
Term
Government Budget
Definition
1. Gross Tax - Transfer Payments - Gov. Purchases

2. Net Tax - Gov Purchases

2.
Term
Net Taxes
Definition
Gross Tax - Transfer Payments
Term
Government Outlays
Definition
Gov Purchases + Transfer Payments
Term
Current Gov. Budget?
Definition
Deficit = $1.6 Trillion
Term
Nominal Interest Rate
Definition
i = money earned / for every $100 saved in bonds

i = 5% on 30 year gov bonds
Term
Real Interest Rate
Definition
r = i - inflation rate

Inflation rate may = ΔCPI
* Rational people think only about r when making decisions about Sv or I
Term
Demand for Loanable Funds (DLF)
Definition
DLF is I
DLF has a negative slope, because lest costly to borrow when r is low
Term
Supply of Loanable Funds
Definition
SLF = Private Sv + Gov Budget + Net International Borrowing

SLF has a positive slope, because it pays greatly to save if r is high, much less incentive to Sv if r is low
Term
Credit Crunch
Definition
Banks are afraid to lend all that they are legally allowed to lend

Last credit crunch is now!

SLF shifts left
Term
People are afraid what happens to Graph
Definition
Sv --> more, SLF shifts right
Term
Businesses are afraid what happens to Graph
Definition
Borrow less --> DLF shifts left
Term
Net International Borrowing
Definition
Net Capital Flows (Net KF)
- if we lend
+ if we borrow
Term
Graph equilibrium questions
Definition
Sv + (Net Tax - G) + Net KF = I
Term
Financial Intermediaries duties
Definition
Find borrowers for Sv
Asses risk
Reduce risk by making many loans
Term
M1
Definition
Currency in Circulation + Check Accounts + Travelers Checks
Term
M2
Definition
M1 + Saving Accounts + Small Time Deposits + MMMF's
Term
The Fed's functions
Definition
1. Monitor the economy
2. Clear checks
3. Lend to banks
Term
Fed's Main Tools
Definition
1. Change discount rate
2. Change required reserve ratio, rrr
3. Open Market operations
Term
Fed changes interest rates
Definition
Lower "i" to stimulate borrowing and spending

Raise "i" to discourage borrowing and spending

Feb 2010 Fed increased rate by .5%
Term
Open Market operations
Definition
Fed buys gov't bonds to increase money supply and spending
Term
Money Supply Equation "Mo"
Definition
Mo = Coins/currency in circulation + (1/ rrr + er)*[total bank reserve]

Total Bank Reserve = Vault Cash + Bank reserves with the Fed

er = excess reserve ratio
Term
Real Md
Definition
Nominal / P
Term
Mo =
Definition
P x Md
Term
Equation of Exchange
Definition
Mo*(V) = P * Y

Mo - Nominal $ supply
V - velocity of $
P - GDP deflator
Y - Real GDP
P*Y - Nominal GDP
Term
% Equation of Exchange
Definition
%ΔMo + %ΔV = %ΔP + %ΔY

%ΔP - inflation rate
&ΔV - may be constant = 0
Term
Business cycles since WWII ?
Definition
12
Term
Upswings
Definition
Avg 4-5 years
Getting longer 1980's: 8-9 years
1990's 10 years
Term
Downswings
Definition
12-18 months
Getting shorter
Term
Misery Index
Definition
Unemployment Rate + Inflation Rate
Term
Demand Pull Inflation
Definition
Inflation caused by AD increases
Term
Cost-Push Inflation
Definition
Inflation due to increase in costs

- Increase money wage rate
- Increase money prices of raw materials
Term
Inflation in the USA
Definition
WWII - 1960: high inflation 6%
1960's: Low inflation 2.5%
1970's: Highest inflation (P doubled) 1980-present: low 2-3%
Term
When AD is moved to SR Equilibrium, Inflation type?
Definition
Demand Pull Inflation
Term
When AD is moved from SR Equi. back to LR Equi, Inflation type?
Definition
D-pull inflation
Term
Negative Supply Shock
Definition
Moves SRAS curve up and left
Oil $ ↑
Term
Negative Demand Shocks
Definition
Moves the AD down left
Fed ↑ interest rates
Term
Real Business Cycle Theorem (RBC)
Definition
Business cycles caused mostly by (-)Demand Shock

Recession caused by (-)Supply Shocks

Economy always on LRAS therefore no recessions when AD shifts down

Official P never falls but actual P does
Y↓ only if Yp↓ --> LRAS Shifts left

Labor Productivity ↓ causing Yp↓
Term
Labor Hoarding
Definition
Firms keep valuable workers and utilize them less intensively output↓ > labor↓ therefore Y/L↓
Term
Equation of Exchange
Definition
%ΔMo + %Δ Velocity = %Δ Inflation + %Δ Gdp
Term
Keynesion Theorists
Definition
Recessions caused by Labor Hoarding
Y↓ > L↓
Y/L↓
Term
Long Run Equilibrium
Definition
Y=Yp
U=Un
Real wage remains constant (W/P)
P and W vary proportionately
Term
Short Run Equilibrium
Definition
Y↑
P↑
U↓
Term
Long Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS) Shifts
Definition
Right(K↑, Labor↑, Tech↑)
Left(War, Famine, Opposite right shifts)
Term
Agg Demand Curve:
Definition
AD = C + G + I + NX
(-)Slope due to increase in price level resulting in a decrease in real wealth and consumption
Term
Short Run Agg Supply (SRAS):
Definition
Fastened to LRAS (shifts with it)
P↑ -> Profit↑ -> Produce More;
(+)Slope Shift Up/Left (Wages↑, Production↑)
Shifts Up Left due to Wages↑
Term
Natural Rate Hypothesis:
Definition
Developed by Friedman
Reducing U below Un by keeping AD high -Only works in SR. Eventually P↑
--SRAS shifts bringing us back to LR: ---P↑ U↑, Y↓
Term
Keynes Law:
Definition
Demand creates supply

When AD shifts right and firms believe it's permanent, Yp↑ as LRAS shifts right because firms expand

Criticizes NRH
Term
Natural Unemployment
Definition
Un = Frictional + Structural
Term
Okun's Law: Yp-Y/Yp = ?
Definition
2[U-Un]
Term
Appropriate Gov Policy when at recessionary gap:
Definition
Monetary Policy : Lower interest rates
Fiscal Policy : Purchase more goods and services
Term
Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) =
Definition
Δy /(Y-Tx)
.XX or X/X
Term
Multiplier =
Definition
1 / (1 - MPC)

Provides insight to the magnitude of cyclical ups and downs

The required change in G to close an output gap
Term
How much AD curve shifts and Direction =
Definition
Multiplier X Increase/Decrease in (G,I,Co)

Increase = Right Shift
Decrease = Left Shift
Term
Close (Yp and Y) Gap:
Definition
Gap = Multiplier X Δ(G,NX,I,Co)
Term
2nd Way To Determine Multiplier
Definition
ΔY / Δ(G,NX,Io,I) = Multiplier
Term
Marginal Propensity to Save =
Definition
ΔSv / Δ(Y - Tx)

1 - MPC
Term
Budget Deficit
Definition
(Tx - G) = +/-Deficit
Term
If Y changes, how much will people spend and save
Definition
MPC X ΔY = Consumption
MPS X ΔY = Saved

Consumption + Saved = ΔY
Term
Federal Funds Rate
Definition
Interest rate banks charge each other
Term
Treasury Bill (T-Bill)
Definition
interest rate on short term
Term
Discount Rate
Definition
interest rate the Fed charges banks
Term
Prime Rate
Definition
interest rate that banks charge their least risky borrowers
Term
High inflation –
Definition
I ↓ and Econ growth ↓
Term
Low Inflation
Definition
I ↑ and Econ growth ↑
Term
M ↑ -
Definition
lower r+i
Term
M ↓ -
Definition
increase r+i
Term
R = I when ?
Definition
inflation is 0
Term
M =
Definition
P X MD
Term
To calculate r (r = m)
Definition
P(# + #(Y) - #(I))
Y = actual
Term
To calculate r (r = m) to close gap
Definition
P(# +#(Y) - #(I))
Y = Yp
Term
To get required Δr:
Given ΔI = (# - # Δr)
Definition
1st We need to calculate ΔI (k ΔI = Gap)
2nd solve ΔI = - #Δr from given info
Term
To get required ΔMo:
Definition
1st calculate ΔMo with actual y and i
2nd calculate ΔMo with Yp and [i + Δi]
ΔMo = 2nd ΔMo - 1st ΔMo
Term
Taylor’s Rule
Definition
r = .02 - .05(Okun Gap %) + .05(inflation rate)
Term
Pushing on a String -
Definition
The Fed can’t make people borrow and spend; it can only make money available and keep interest rates low
Term
Official Policy Objectives of Fed-
Definition
1. Keep inflation low
2. Reverse or prevent downswings
Term
I↓ causing Econ growth ↓ only if?
Definition
Inflation > 8%
Term
Fed is independent because :
Definition
it has its own source of revenue (earn interest on gov bonds)
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