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| study of interactions: (biotic)organisms with organisms and organisms with non living (abiotic)effects of factors such as temp, water, ligh, pH, salt |
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| how adaptations and choices by individulas affect their reproduction and survival |
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| organismal ecology: 1. physiology |
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| adapted to environmet and how the environment impact the distribution of species |
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| Organismal ecology: 2. behavorial |
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| behavior of an individula contributes to survival and reproduction |
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| how populations grow and interact with other species. primary goal: understand factors that affect a populations growth and density |
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| Population ecology: 1. species interaction |
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| ex: predation, competition, parasitism. theory of ecology is built off population ecolgoy. can help with: endangerment, extinction, control invasive species |
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| factors that influence number of species in a given area. studues how populations of species interact and form functional communities |
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| considers species composition and structure over time and after distrubances= succession |
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| describes the passage of energy and nutrients through communities |
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| ecosystem ecology: 2nd law of thermo |
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| free energy is reduced at each increase in tropic levels and entropy of universe increases. unidirectional flow. |
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| abiotic factors, host, predators, competitiors... and experiment through hypothesis testing. |
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| distribution due to environment impact |
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| distribution and abundance are limited by environmental features: temp, water, pH, wind, light, salt, current |
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| optimal range for a species to live: temp, water, pH, light, etc. |
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| temperature controls metabolic processes: isotherm |
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| a line on a map with equal temps located above and below equator line. Not average temp but the frequency of the temp |
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| local climate variations for particular species |
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| light sends short wave energy to heat the suface of earth. at night this energy is back to atmospher as long wave. atmospheric gases absorb the energy and reradiate to surface cuaseing temp increase. |
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| human activity increats the greenhouse effect. (2-10 celsius increase year:2100) |
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| to control exotic species.. bring plants natural enemies |
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| some species secreat toxics to kill competitors |
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| as air heats up, it rises. cooler air replaces it creating wind. wind increases heat loss by evaporation and convetion. wind contributes to water loss in organism by increatse rate of evaporation and transrespiration. |
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| effects abundance of organisms. frost drought. animals main source of food is plants and abundance of plant is effected by water. El nino.. more water, more vegetation, more animal density. |
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| may be a limiting resource for plants and algea. photosynthesis. (C3, c4, cam) |
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| the area below water surface area where photosythnesis is still possible |
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| salt impacts osmosis in animals. freshwater fish are phyperosmotic.. tends to gain water. to counter this, fish continually elimanate water by urine.many ions are reabsorbed into bloodsteam by kidneys. Marine fish are hypoosmostic adn tend to lose water. they drink more water and ions are excreted at the gills and kidneys. |
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| organisms that can tolerate higher salt concentrations |
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| can limit distribution. norm rain:5.6. Co2, and So2 is generated by fossil fuel. |
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| rainfall. equatorial. plant and animal life diverse. temp is hot |
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| temps are cooler than tropical. rainfall, wind: plenty. mild winters. location: northwest coast and southwest cost of south america, chilean coast. plantlife: evergreens. animal: mule deer, elk, squirrels, birds. |
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| precipitates less than 25 cm per year, northern hemisphere. little water. plant life: bare growth. animal life: birds, insects |
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| still water/running water, respectively |
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| study of how behavior contributes to the survival and reproduction or organsims |
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| behavorial ecology: ethology |
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| studies of animal behavoir |
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| ethology: 1. proximate causes |
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| genetic and physiologic behavior. ex: pituitary gland, hormonal, |
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| ethology: 2. ultimate cause |
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| adaptive significance on why a particular behavior evolved, in terms of reproductive success. |
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behaviors that are genetically programmed
ex: spider web spinning, egg-rolling |
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| fixed action pattern (FAP) |
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| behavior that, once initiated, will continue. ex: geese and egg rolling will continue even if the round object is removed. |
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| when a relationship between a stimulus and response is learned |
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| not reacting because use to habit of the stimulus. nonassociative learning ex: birds at airports |
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| an involuntary response comes with a stimulus that did not originally elicit the response: operant,and classical conditioning |
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| ability to solve problems with conscious though and without direct environment feedback ex: monkey boxes and twigs |
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| mixture of both innate and learning. species-specific patterns of behavior. ex:birds imprint to mothers, imprint by smell, navigational migrating skills |
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| a time when imprinting will occur |
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| involves kinesis: movement in response to a stimulus. Taxis: direct type of response either toward or away from stimulus ex: phototaxis. Memory: landmarks used to aid in local movement ex: wasp uses landmarks to relocate nests |
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| long range movement: migration |
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| long range seasonal movement. natviational and orientational. ex:geese and age of geese. old gees had navigational, young had orientational. |
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| piloting: moves from on familar landmark to another. orientation: straight line, and navitaiton:may adjust compass bearing |
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| follow optimally theory: maximized benefit minus cost. ex: shore crabs eat intermediat size mussels. |
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| follows the optimality theory. |
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| chemical, auditory, visual, tactile ex:honeybee dance |
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| reduce the risk of predation 1. vigilance, 2. and protection by number. |
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| behavior that appears to benefit others at a cost to oneself |
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| attemps to explain alturism. the premise that natural selection produces outcomes beneficial for the whole group or species |
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| adaptive trais generally are selecgted for because they benefit the survival and reproduction of an individula rather than a group |
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mutation:2 egg, 3, eggs
immigration:population are rarly isolated. others may migrate to another location to lay more eggs
Individula selection:for group selection to work some groups must die off faster (but individuals die faster)
resource prediction:group selection assumes that individulas are able to assess and predict future |
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| altuistic behavior by kin selection |
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| more likely to protect because they are closely related. rB>C r=relatedness of donor to recipient B=benefit of recipient C=cost incurred by donor. ex: catapillar, sentry (alarm call) |
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| altuism in social insects |
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| arise from genetics. halodiploidy. males are haploid, females diploid. .5+.25=.75 sisters are more related. |
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| when one person in colony reproduces |
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| altuism arises from lifestyl |
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| naked mole rats are diploid. 50%. releases a phermone to keep others from reproducing |
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| altuism between non related |
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| `many females- one male mates with many females |
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| many males- one female mates with many males |
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| members of one sex choose mates based on chourtship |
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| members of one sex, compete over partners and winner gets to mate |
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mate guarding hypothesis: males stay to protect the offspring
Male assistance hypothesis: males stay to help rear the offspring
female enforced:interfer with polygamy |
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| males will dominate some land and mate with females that come to it |
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| males will defend a hard of females to mate with alot |
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| leks: communal courtship areas. males will display moves and females come to watch and mate |
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bees are hygenic ex: uurr mendel
fosB-nurturing mice |
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| group selection once though |
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| that an individual willing to subordinate ist interest for the group waould have a greater survival advantage over a group composed of selfish individuals |
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| used to designate the total number of copies of genes pased on throug ones relatives |
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