Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three general catagories of hunting tactics |
|
Definition
| ambush, stalking, pursuit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lie and wait; requires minimal energy; low frequency of success |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deliberate tracking of prey; quick attack, most time spent encountering prey |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimal search time; pursuit time great |
|
|
Term
| Predator avoidance; prey strategies |
|
Definition
variety of defferrent stratigies; suggest predation is a stron selective force;
ex: moth ears have evolbved in responce to bat echolocation |
|
|
Term
| Aposematic coloration (warning) |
|
Definition
| color pattern advertises distasteful or poisonous nature; black and yellow, brightly colored, orange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| camouflage; zebras look like broken grassland, bay pipefish look like eel grass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| frozen posture; movement alerts predator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mimic other undesirable organisms
Mullerian (unpalatable species look alike)
Batesian(palatable species mimics unpalatable species) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| startle or scare off predator; toad swallows air to look larger, frilled lizard makes it look bigger, eyespots on moths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
use of chemical irritant
skunks, octopus, bombarder beetle sprays noxious chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
synchronous reproduction; saturate predators
Cicadas (13 or 17 year cycles) white oak trees |
|
|
Term
| Consumers can limit resource populations |
|
Definition
| sea urchins exert strong control on algae populations... if removed biomass of algae increase and the whole community shifts |
|
|
Term
| Things that make an effective preditor |
|
Definition
| high reproductivity relative to prey, excellent dispersal powers, can switch to alternative food source; keystone predatror |
|
|
Term
| Type 1 Predator consumption rate vs. prey density |
|
Definition
| consumption proportonal to density; |
|
|
Term
| Type 2 predator consumption rate vs prey density |
|
Definition
| consumption increases rapidly then plateaus; the most common type; |
|
|
Term
| Type 3 predator consumption rate vs. prey density |
|
Definition
| like type 2 but prey consumption depressed at low prey density; heterogeneous habitat provides hiding places; predator switching to alternative food source |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functional responce alone is not adequate for regulation; predators consume more and more prey only to the point of satiation; more predators required |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
change in predator population size in responce to prey density (more births or immigration/ aggregative)
Total responce = Functional responce x Numeric responce |
|
|
Term
| The three level consumer system takes into account |
|
Definition
| food supply, prey density and predators |
|
|
Term
| Population cycles are produced by |
|
Definition
| delays in responce of births and deaths; time required to produce offspring; population cycles tend to be 4-5 times the length of the lag time |
|
|
Term
| Lag time in Pathogen host system |
|
Definition
| immune responce create infection cycles; measles epedic- 2 year cycle prior to vaccine this was the time required for a new population of susceptible infants to accumulate. |
|
|
Term
| Stability of prey predator system |
|
Definition
1. predator inefficiency
2. alternative prey
3. partial refuges
4. small lag time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| destabilize natural systems because they lack the coevolutionary responcses of native predator prey systems |
|
|
Term
| example of Trophic mutualism |
|
Definition
| exchange of nutrients and energy the ungulate in the stomache of herbibores |
|
|
Term
| example of Dispersive mutalism |
|
Definition
| food in return for moving propagules or pollen |
|
|
Term
| example of Defensive mutualism |
|
Definition
| food or shelter in return for defense |
|
|
Term
| Two parties have a Facultative mutualistic partnership if |
|
Definition
| partners can live without one another |
|
|
Term
| Two parties have a Obligate realationship if |
|
Definition
| partners cannot exist without eachother |
|
|
Term
| an example of Dispersive mutualism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an example of Defensive mutualism |
|
Definition
| cleaner wrasse for larger fish |
|
|
Term
| an example of Defensive mutualism |
|
Definition
| shrimp goby deffending burrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of population sof different species that occur together in place and time |
|
|
Term
| Communities can be defined |
|
Definition
| major species, groth habitat, geographic location, climate type, taxon, or tropic level |
|
|
Term
| Community descriptions include |
|
Definition
| biodiversity, response to distrubance, tropic structure (feeding relationships) |
|
|
Term
| Disturbance in a community |
|
Definition
prominent feature of most communities; stormes fires, floods, droughts and human activites
damage bilogical communities, remove organisms, alter the avalability of resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| close association between species reglates distribution of whole community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species are distributed independently ot one another, regulated by environmental conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where species and environmental gradients overlap |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clements where species overlap, ecotones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gleason (open) the evnironmental gradient of species do not over latp with other species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Organization holistic
2. Boundries distinct
3. Species ranges coincident
4. Coevolution: prominent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Organization; individualistic
2. Boundries: diffuse
3. Species ranges indipendent
4. Coevolution: uncommon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sharp boundris between communities; terrestrial and aquatic; soil type (edaphic), exposures (N or S); dominat life forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most species have distributions outside of their ecological optima; most accepted view in ecology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sharp physical change examples are soil properties, land to equatic environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
different communities re;lace each other gradually over broad environmental gradients
ex: galacier retreat caused organisms to move notry; |
|
|
Term
| Physical structure of communities |
|
Definition
Vertical: layers depth or bilogical example is trees create a canopy, underneith are different height of plants shrubs etc
Horizontal: Patchiness, and physical example march land, grass land, shrubs, and trees |
|
|
Term
| Biotic structure of communities |
|
Definition
| guilds, dominants, complexity, diversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one or a few species are predominate; highes biomass in an ecosystem, largest contribution to energy or nutrient flow, keeystone species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of tropic levels in a food chain; energy supply limits the length because each tropic level 10% of the energy is converted to biomass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food chain lenght limits community diversity |
|
|
Term
| Important components of stability |
|
Definition
resistance: ability to survive disturbance unchanged
Resilience-ability to reconver from a disturbance to original state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The capacity for an ecosystem to return to its former state following a disturbance |
|
|
Term
| Factors that affect community diverstity and structure |
|
Definition
| long term historcial effects, disturbance, competition, predation, mutualism productivity of climate, dispersal of organisms and extinction |
|
|
Term
| What is a long term historical effect? |
|
Definition
| The island of pangae, or the ice bridges during the ice age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non equilibrium communites; species diversity is dynamic; community structure determied by disturbance; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevents dominance, increases horizontal structure; increases or decreases diversity |
|
|
Term
| The intermediate disturbance hypothesis |
|
Definition
| Intermediate levels of distubance promote higher level of diversityhigh levels reduce; low levels allow competition and reduce diversity |
|
|
Term
| Diversity is determined by the number of available niches |
|
Definition
| this is the traditional view; nember of species does not fluctuate from equilibrium; determined by predation and competition; new species can invade only after the similar speices leaves or goes extinct |
|
|
Term
| Competition occures within |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Niche differentiation and character displacement |
|
Definition
Effect on target is positive
effect on competitor is none
effet on community diversity; can remane equil, or be positive |
|
|
Term
| Increase resource use efficience has what effect on community? |
|
Definition
| effect on target is positive, effect on competitior is zero and effecto on community diversity, remains constant |
|
|
Term
| Increase in resource uptake in communities |
|
Definition
| posive effecte on target; negative effect on competitor and negative effect on community diversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indirect interactions impact the community characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased production increases productivity at all tropic levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consumers depress prey and indirectly increase the next lower tropic level |
|
|
Term
| Stability/ time hypothesis |
|
Definition
| stable climates = higher diversity ex: around equator |
|
|
Term
| Species richness energy model |
|
Definition
| more energy or productivity more species can coexist |
|
|
Term
| Energy from the sun is a ccumulated in plants and that energy can go 2 ways |
|
Definition
| The living biomass can be consumed ; herbivore based, mostly in aquatic ecosystems(60-90%) in plankton communityies....Or Dead biomass can be consumed (detritivore based) predominent in terrestrial ecostystems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to sustain a disturbance unchanged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the total succession of all plants in an area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the succession of fungi bacteria, invertebrates, vertebratesw and plants.. the returning of nutrients back to the earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| facilitation, inihibion, tolerance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
each stage changes environment to help the next stage; often through soil improvment
ex: organic litter, N2 fixing species etc.. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one species prevents others from inhabiting... determined by what arrives first, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depends on ability to tolerate physicla conditions, temp drought etc |
|
|
Term
| Facilitation, inhibition and tolerance work together |
|
Definition
| pioneer species facilitate net stage, inhibition new species replace pioneer, the new must be tolerant in order to survive |
|
|
Term
| Tropical forest diversity is organized in 2 ways |
|
Definition
| large number os species live within the community and there are large number of plant community in the given area |
|
|
Term
| Increasing nutrient availability and environmental complexity |
|
Definition
| reduces number of limiting nutrients, leaving the only thing left to compete for is light and those competeting for light will dominate the community |
|
|
Term
| Energy goes to two pathways |
|
Definition
| living biomass comusmed or dead biomass consumed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consumption of living biomass is domenant in aquatic ecosystems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consumption of living biomass is domenant in aquatic ecosystems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dead biomass is consumed and is predominate in terrestrial ecosystems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total energy assimilated by primary producers |
|
|
Term
| Net primary produciton (NPP) |
|
Definition
energy accumulated in biomass of primary producers
NPP= gross produciton - respiration |
|
|
Term
| Highest Net Primary productivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temperate forest and grassland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Higest at continental edges and shallow water, lowest in opean ocean |
|
|
Term
| Large portion of the globe is low productivity |
|
Definition
| 30% land and 90% of the ocean |
|
|
Term
| Factors that influence primary production |
|
Definition
| water, temperature, length of growning season, nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Nitrogen is a limiting nutrient in |
|
Definition
| terrestrial environments and open oceans |
|
|
Term
| Phosphorous is a limitng nutrient in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower rates of respiration due to lower plant biomass, reduced self shading and improved water balance due to reduced leaf area, the grazing increased the growth rate of many grass species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biochemical tranformation of inorganic nutrients into organic form through photsynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tranformation of organic form to an inorganic nutrient via respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primary nutrient resivori is the ocean and atmosphere
global cycles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary nutrient reservoir like earths crust; more local |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all organic molecues; a function of photosynthesis and respieration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sum atmosphere, photosynthes, land, repiration and decomposition, deforestation fossil fuel atmosphere to the ocean, sedimentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atmaosphere huge pool of N2 not usable by plants, biological fixation requireed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the conversion of amino acids to NH4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the oxidation of ammonimum into NO3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemcial tranform of N2 to NH4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reduction of NO3 to N2 ore molecular nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| Atmospheric Nitrogen fixation |
|
Definition
| lightning breaks the N2 and enables atoms to combine with oxygen forming NO2 and NO3 these disolve in rain and are carried to the earth |
|
|
Term
| Cyanobacteria and fee living soil microorganisms fix N |
|
Definition
| this is 90 percent of natural fixation many plants have symbiosis with N fixing bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Haber Bosch Process combines N2 with hidrogen under hig pressure to form ammonia, chemical fertilizer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gulf of mexico dead zone; many nutrients transported by mississippi, too much enrichement, result phytoplankton blooms, oygen depletion (hypoxia) as algae dies and decomposes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a combination of the number of species and their relative abundence |
|
|
