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| Household, home, a place to live. |
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| Derived from same root word as economics = management of the house. |
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| Aristotle and Theophrastus |
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Both specifically described ecological relationships.
First to do so. |
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| The scientific study of the distribution and abundance of animals |
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| The study of structure and function of nature |
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| Study of the adaption of organisms to their environment |
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| Study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms. |
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| Study of the patterns of nature and how those patterns came to be, and how they change in space and time. |
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| Study of the principles which govern temporal and spatial patterns for assemblages or organisms |
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| Study of the relationship between organisms and their physical and biological environments |
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| Key words in the definition of ecology (4) |
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Distribution
Space and time (niche)
Patterns
Relationships |
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| Species placed in space and time |
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| Why is it so difficult to define ecology? (4) |
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Definition
Type of environment
Time scale involved
Biotic scale
Resources |
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| Development of ecology (5) |
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Plant ecology
Animal ecology
Physiological ecology
Population ecology
Ecosystem ecology |
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Modern impetus to ecology came from the plant geographers.
Certain similarities and differences demanded explanation.
Due to climate? |
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| Concentrated on describing plant community and developed quantitative methods of sampling vegetation. |
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| North America and plant ecology |
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| Interested in how plant communities developed |
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| How plant communities develop. |
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Early champion of climate explanation.
Ideas influenced other naturalists. |
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| Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt |
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5 year expedition thru tropical Spanish America (Mexico, Cuba, Venezuela, Peru, Amazon Rivers)
Culminated in 30 volume work.
Correlated vegetation tupes with environment characteristics, coined term association. |
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3 years studying tropical vegetation in Brazil.
Publications emphasized importance of moisture, temperature, and soil in patterns of vegetation. |
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| Established plant succession as major theme of ecology. |
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Major theorist of plant ecology in America.
Community as a superorganism.
Gave ecology a hierarchical framework. |
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Develops after plant ecology.
Beginnings traced to two Europeans- both strongly influenced development of animal ecology in US. |
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English ecologist.
Animal ecology.
Defined the concept of food chains.
Impact of introduced species on natural systems.
Animal behavior.
Early conservationist. |
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Animal communities in temperate america.
Stressed interrelationship of plants and animals.
Ecology as a science of communities. |
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| Principles of Animal Ecology |
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Definition
Written by 5 second generation ecologists.
Emphasized feeding relationships.
Energy budgets.
Population dynamics.
Natural selection and evolution. |
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| Respone(s) of individual organisms to abiotic factors (light, temperature, nutrients, etc. ) |
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| Charles Darwin and the voyage of the Beagle |
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Collected numerous biological specimens
made detailed notes
mentally framed his view of line of Earth |
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| Charles Darwin's contributions to population ecology: |
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Definition
Observed the relationships between organisms and environment.
Attributed similarities, dissimilarities of organisms with continental land masses and among continents to geographical barriers separating the inhabitants.
Studying fossils, noted replacement plants and animals over time (evolution and succession). |
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| Who did Darwin's theories of Population ecology influence? |
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| Developed theory of evolution 10 years after Darwin and proposed to publish it before Darwin. |
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| What did Rev. Thomas Malthus do for a living? |
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| English demographer, political economist |
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| What were Thomas Malthus views on population growth? |
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| Pessimistic but highly influential |
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| What did Rev. Thomas Malthus propose about population? |
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| Population tended to increase geometrically, food supply arithmetically - starvation of Great Britain was inevitable and imminent. |
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| allelic frequencies and genotypic ratios will remain constant from generation to generation in sexually reproducing populations if four conditions of stability held true. |
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| Concerned with the interactions of population dynamics, genetics, natural selection, and evolution |
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| Concerned with the interactions among species |
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| Interactions among species |
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Definition
Competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism
Influences on species abundance and distribution
Physical and biological structure of communities, community dynamics, and succession |
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Definition
Concerned with observing the patterns of organisms in mature.
attempt to understand how patterns were formed and maintained.
Holistic approach.
Succession of communities.
Several classic studies using lakes. |
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| Long-Term Ecological Research |
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Definition
Many patterns and processes vary of very long time periods.
Long-term studies are uncommon.
Detecting changes in environment difficult without baseline data.
Needed to understand key ecological processes such as productivity and decomposition.
Standard data sets needed to compare various systems. |
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| What impedes in ecological investigations that could be used to support management decisions in Big Bend National and State Park? |
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Definition
| Lack of data on the distribution and abundance of the majority of invertebrate groups |
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For many years, the two paths rarely crossed
Bioecology by F.E. Clements and V.E. SHelford. |
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| Organismal vs. Individualistic |
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Definition
F.E. Clements and W.M. Wheeler advocated the community as a super organism.
1960s, it was argued that each community is unique. |
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Holistic approach - studying the total behavior or attributes of a complex system
Reductionist approach - study each "part" of an ecosystem |
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| Fairly new field which began in the 1930s - gained visibility in 1970s due to extensive pollution, overpopulation concerns, degraded environments |
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| Who was associated with applied ecology? |
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| Aldo Leopold and Rachel Carson |
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| What subcategories go under Applied Ecology? |
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Definition
Conservation biology
Restoration Ecology
Landscape Ecology |
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| Concerned with the maintenance of biological diversity |
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| What does conservation biology focus on? |
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| Upon numerous fields of biology and ecology to solve the problems of protection and maintenance of biodiversity. |
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| What does conservation biology work with? |
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| Fields such as forestry, wildlife and fishery management, resource economics, biogeography, population genetics, etc. |
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| Concerned with the restoration and management of disturbed lands |
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| What are the goals of restoration ecology? |
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To return a particular habitat or ecosystem to predegraded conditions.
Goals include restoration for sustainable production and/or conservation. |
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| Projects for restoration ecology? |
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Definition
| vary from a few to thousands of acres. |
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| concerned with the spatial patterns in the landscape and how they develop |
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| What is the emphasis of landscape ecology? |
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Definition
| the role of disturbance, including human impacts |
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| What is used in landscape ecology? |
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Definition
Forestry, wildlife management, ecosystem management, conservation biology.
Heavy use of GIS technologies (spatial info about landscapes) |
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| largely observational and descriptive |
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