Term
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Definition
| Uniform climate, dispersal and extinction across landscape. Gamma diversity |
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Term
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Definition
| Species richness within a local scale |
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Term
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Definition
| Species richness within a regional scale |
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Term
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Definition
| Species richness turnover. Comparison across communities. Rate of change |
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Term
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Definition
| Molten rock flows out seams, forcing plates by seafloor spreading. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 plates meet, one is forced under, creating mountains, earthquakes, volcanoes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Latitudinal Gradient Hypothesis #1 |
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Definition
| Tropics are large and thermally homogeneous. Population increases, decreasing extinction. |
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Term
Latitudinal Gradient Hypothesis #2
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Definition
| Reproductive isolation leads to increased speciation. |
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Term
Latitudinal Gradient Hypothesis #3
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Definition
| Stable climate means more evolutionary history. Uninterrupted evolution. |
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Term
Latitudinal Gradient Hypothesis #4
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Definition
| High resource productivity. Higher carrying capacity and coexistance. Lower extinction. |
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Term
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Definition
-species richness increases tenfold with area
-matrix habitat (dissimilar habitat and surroundings)
-equilibrium number of species |
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Term
| Equilibrium Theory of Island Geography |
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Definition
| Balancing dispersal and extinction.Arriving species is countered by extinction (depends on island size), dispersal depends on distance from mainland. |
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Term
| Levels of Experimental Manipulation |
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Definition
-natural
-semi-natural (not intended for experiment)
-small-scale
-large-scale |
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Term
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Definition
| Abiotic mechanism. More tropical land available to support bigger populations. Few disturbances occur, and affect small areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sunny+warm+wet environment promotes food growth. More food allows PREDATORS to control population size rather than competitors. This keeps population sizes low to avoid competitive exclusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolutionary mechanism. Disturbances primarily affected poles, leaving more ancient preserved species in the tropics. This allowed more time for diversification. |
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Term
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Definition
| High numbers of originated species that colonized elsewhere. |
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Term
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Definition
Global scale ONLY by speciation.
Regional/Local by colonization or dispersal |
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Term
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Definition
| Shows relationship of the area and number of species that live there. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dispersal to occupy areas with local dip in population. Like rescue effect. NOT on small islands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of CO2 is equal to amount that would be produced from plants they are made of. |
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Term
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Definition
1) Can the organism disperse?
2) Can they tolerate the abiotic conditions?
3) Can they adapt to species interactions? |
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Term
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Definition
| Exclusion or slow population growth of non-native species due to interactions with native species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Species coexisting by using resources in different ways. Results in less overlap. |
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Term
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Definition
| Resource availability in a community. Niche breadth= curve shape. Overlap means competition. Broader spectrum can have more overlap, since more resources exist in total. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small coexisting birds that feed from different parts of the same tree. |
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Term
| Resource Ratio Hypothesis |
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Definition
| Species can coexist by using resources in different porportions. Like diatoms using different ratios of phosphorus and silica when resources are limited. |
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Term
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Definition
| Time required for one population to exclude. Depends on growth rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Time required for environmental factors to act on population growth. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Competitors adapt to fluctuations, and exclusion still occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis |
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Definition
Low disturbance= competition regulates diversity (dominance)
Intermediate disturbance= balance between mortality and competition
High disturbance= local extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth rate of strongest competitors, depends on environmental productivity. |
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Term
| Dynamic Equilibrium Model |
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Definition
| Disturbance and competitive displacement. Max diversity at low-intermediate and equal rates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual reduces the supply of a resource as they use it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct competition for access to resource. Includes antagonistic actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals releasing toxins to harm others. |
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Term
| Competitive Exclusion Principle |
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Definition
| 2 species using limiting resources in the same way can't coexist indefinitely. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inferior species becomes superior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that must disperse as environmental conditions change. |
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Term
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Definition
| Competition causes phenotypes to evolve and become more different. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indirect interactions. Change in consumption at one trophic level affects another. Benefits the producer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indirect facilitation by positive interactions. Consumer is benefited. |
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Term
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Definition
| Every species negatively interacts with one another. This circular interaction makes competition weaker. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biomass and abundance have effects on community |
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Term
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Definition
| Can create, modify, maintain physical habitats. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small biomass but large effect. Indirect interactions influence the community. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vicariance induced regionalism. Limited to one place. |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of acceptable requirements for life. Conditions and resources. Compare fundamental vs realized. |
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Term
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Definition
| Closer to the extremes of niches makes it harder to survive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Patchy population structures, often results from fragmentation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetically identical. Budding, apoximis (unfertilized eggs), horizontal spread |
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Term
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Definition
| Result of one fertilization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physiologically independent member of a genet. |
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Term
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Definition
| Constant population age structure |
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Term
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Definition
| Reproduction cycles in synchronous time intervals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Species size changes at constant time intervals. Lambda, finite rate of increase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Constant proportional change. Generations overlap. R, intrinsic growth rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Same region vs different region |
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Term
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Definition
| Colonization after disturbance is a matter of chance |
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Term
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Definition
| Predictable. Seasons, tides, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unpredictable. Weather intensity, disturbance, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasing abundance until stabilizing at carrying capacity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chance events affect alleles. Small populations. Reduce variability with chance of fixation |
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Term
| Demographic Stochasticity |
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Definition
| Chance events related to survival and reproduction lead to difference from average. Laws of probability. Small populations. |
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Term
| Environmental stochasticity |
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Definition
| Unpredictable environmental changes. Ex. Pop, size fluctuations. |
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Term
| Inverse Density Dependance |
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Definition
| Benefitting from the presence of another organism. |
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Term
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Definition
Primary= low frequency like volcanoes
Secondary= medium frequency like fires, hurricanes etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Max number of offspring a parent can successfully raise. |
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Term
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Definition
| Egg or seed. Like parental investment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decline in reproduction with age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Range a species expands when a competitor is removed. |
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