Term
|
Definition
| study of relationships between organisms |
|
|
Term
| Major physical determinants of life |
|
Definition
temperature
water
nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
earth's tilt
revolution
rotation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mixture of abiotic and biotic components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - topsoil
A - organic material mixed with inorganic
B - clay
C - bits of rock, right above bedrock |
|
|
Term
| effect of altitude on biomes |
|
Definition
| as altitude rises, like "going north" |
|
|
Term
| order of biomes from hot to cold |
|
Definition
Tropical Forests
Grasslands (lowland)/Desert (higher)
Deciduous forests
Coniferous forests
(Treeline)
Tundra (lowland)/Tundra (moss, lichen)
Ice and snow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| warm water is less dense, as temperature decreases in winter, cold, dense water from bottom mixes with water near top and replenishes nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located near fresh-salt interface |
|
|
Term
| percentage of forest that receives PAR |
|
Definition
PAR = photosynthetically active radiation
Boreal forest reflects 10%
Canopy absorbs 79%
Plants in middle layer 7%
Lower vegetation 2%
Forest floor 2% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
epidermal cell
mesophyll
bundle sheath
veins
mesophyll
stoma located in epidermal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
takes place in mesophyll
CO2 + RUBP = PGA which has 3 carbon atoms
better at high CO2 levels, really inefficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
divided between mesophyll and bundle sheath
C4 combines PEP with CO2 to form organic acid with 4 atoms
C4 plants can open fewer stomata to get enough CO2
C4 acid diffuses to bundle sheath cell, breaks down to pyruvate and CO2
CO2 concentrated in bundle sheath cell by breakdown of C4 acid combined with RuBP to form PGA
good at low CO2 levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CAM = crassulacean acid metabolism
similar to C4
during the day, C4 acids broken down to pyruvate and CO2 in bundle sheath
at night, in mesophyll, combine PEP with CO2 to form C4 acid
CAM plants close stomata in day when temp is high, low humidity
open stomata at night, high humidity and lower temps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes (rubisco, chlorophyll) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrifying bacteria - use chemicals to produce energy |
|
|
Term
| Plant/other organism carbon to nitrogen ratio |
|
Definition
Plants rich in carbon, poor in nitrogen
Animals, Fungi, Bacteria rich in nitrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
digestibility - lignin, cellulose, tanniin
poison - alkaloids |
|
|
Term
| live to dead leaves nitrogen ratio |
|
Definition
| live leaves contain 2x more nitrogen than dead leaves |
|
|
Term
| carnivore/prey relationship |
|
Definition
| as weight increases, so does the weight of prey |
|
|
Term
| functional response type I |
|
Definition
based off Lotka-Volterra
number of prey consumed by an individual predator will increase proportionally to the prey density up to an infinite degree |
|
|
Term
| functional response type II |
|
Definition
based on handling time
at saturation point, no time left to catch additional organisms and graph levels off |
|
|
Term
| functional response type III |
|
Definition
low prey density, learning time/prey switching, accounts for lag at beginning
saturation also occurs |
|
|
Term
| breakdown of size-selective feeding terms |
|
Definition
Ne1 = rate of encounter prey 1
E1 = net energy gain per prey 1
Cs = cost of searching
H1 = handling time of prey 1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
low nutrients, more roots
high nutrients, more leaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extent to which it diffusely reflects light from light sources like the sun |
|
|
Term
| temperature and vapor pressure relationship |
|
Definition
at low temperatures, air is saturated by low quantities of water vapor, vapor pressure low
at high temperatures, the amount of water air holds at saturation and saturation water vapor pressure increase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microorganisms adapt to subzero temperatures, above boiling (archaea) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
photosynthetic rate of shrubs growing in hotter environment
peaks at higher temperatures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hs = heat storage
Hm = metabolic heat gain
Hcd = conduction
Hcv = convection
Hf = radiation
He = evaporation and transpiration |
|
|
Term
| arctic plants and desert plant differences |
|
Definition
cold climate
dark leaves
compact growth
ground hugging - absorb heat through radiation and convection
increase Hf (radiation) by orienting leaves perpendicular to sunlight
warm climate
leaves perpendicular to sunlight
reflective leaves
convective heat loss to wind
low conductive heat from ground
open growth
small leaves
last two so that wind can influence heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endotherm's temperature tolerance range |
|
|
Term
| tropical species vs arctic species thermal neutral zone |
|
Definition
tropical species
narrow range
arctic species
maintain constant metabolism over broad range of temperatures |
|
|
Term
| vapor pressure differences in plant |
|
Definition
air - low water potential
plant - medium water potential
soil - high water potential
psi plant = psi solutes + psi matric + psi pressure (hydrogen bonding) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduces surface area and rate of transpiration |
|
|
Term
| roots in dry and wet sites |
|
Definition
dry
extensive root network
moist
sparse network of shallow roots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collection of individuals of one species in an area |
|
|
Term
| change in population abundance |
|
Definition
delta N = I - E + R - D
I = immigration
E = emigration
R = reproduction
D = death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long term intrinsic growth rate of a population |
|
|
Term
| methods of estimating survivorship |
|
Definition
cohort life table
static life table
age distribution |
|
|
Term
| type I survivorship curve |
|
Definition
| high survival among young - rotifers |
|
|
Term
| type II survivorship curve |
|
Definition
| constant rates of survival - birds |
|
|
Term
| type III survivalship curve |
|
Definition
| high mortality among young - desert herbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
R0 = Elxmx (overlapping gens)
lxmx = reproductive rate at age x
nx = # surviving to day x
lx = population surviving to day x
mx = average # of seeds per individual during time interval |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
N(sub t + 1)= lambdaNt
assumptions - generations don't overlap, each individual (female) produces lambda new individuals (females), lambda is constant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
overlapping generations
dN/dt = rN
Nt = Noe^rt
r>0, growth
r = 0, constant
r < 0, decline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deviations from mean growth rate due to chance events occurring to individuals |
|
|
Term
| density dependent predation |
|
Definition
| vole and owl densities closely follow each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth rate starts out exponential then plateaus - sigmoid curve |
|
|
Term
| adaptations for dispersal |
|
Definition
dispersing stage
dandelion seeds
barnacle larvae
young spiders
go to sedentary stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collection of subpopulations, populations go extinct and are recolonized and are being created by habitat fragmentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
larger ones are less likely to go extinct
close populations more likely to be recolonized, less likely to go extinct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(-/-)
compete for supplies - mutually detrimental |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (+/-) one benefits at the expense of another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(+/+)
interaction with mutual benefit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(-/0)
one impeding or restricting the success of the other while the other species has no effect over it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(+/0)
benefits one organism and other is neither benefited or harmed |
|
|
Term
| exploitative resource competition |
|
Definition
| one benefits, other does not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fitness of one lowered by presence of other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
within a single species
self-thinning of plants, aphids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between two different species - competition |
|
|
Term
| Lotka-Volterra competition model |
|
Definition
N = pop size
t = time
K = carrying capacity
r = intrinsic rate of increase
alpha = competition coefficient
used to describe the dynamics of biological systems in which two species interact, one a predator and one its prey |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set of environmental conditions that a species can persist under |
|
|
Term
| Hutchinson-n-dimensional hypervolume |
|
Definition
| Hutchinson defined a niche as a region in a multidimensional space of environmental factors that affect the welfare of a species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| environmental conditions that a species can persist under in the absence of biotic interactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| environmental conditions that a species does persist under after adding biotic interactions in the presence of biotic interactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differences among similar species whose distributions overlap geographically are accentuated in regions where the species co-occur but are minimized or lost where the species' distributions do not overlap |
|
|
Term
| population control of consumers |
|
Definition
| foxes and hares - wavy up and down graphs - cycles are because of L-K |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different dispersal mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| Paradox of enrichment, Paradox of biocontrol |
|
Definition
enriched habitats will be unstable
efficient predators will be more unstable
(Rosenzweig-McArthur Model) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interaction between two species where each species benefits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interaction between two species where individuals of each species are in intimate contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| require presence of mutualist for population growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does not require presence of mutualists for population growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbon from plant to fungus, soil nutrients from fungus to plant |
|
|
Term
| arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi |
|
Definition
| penetrate plant cell wall, 80% of land plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants with mycorrhizal fungi from unfertilized soils are better. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
coral excretes ammonium
zooxanthallae - photosynthesizing protist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ant lays eggs and protects tree, tree produces protein nugs for ant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the organisms in a defined area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| species relative abundances |
|
Definition
animal usually a number
plant usually biomass or % cover |
|
|
Term
| most species are intermediate abundance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a property of relative abundance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
H' = -Epi ln (pi)
Eh = lnS
H = shannon diversity index
S = total number of species in the community
pi = proportion of S made up of the ith species
E = evenness |
|
|
