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Definition
| organisms who rely on internal (metabolic) heat production to maintain relatively high body temperatures |
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| organisms whose body temperatures are determined primarily by external thermal conditions |
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| organisms who maintain relatively stable body temperatures (an example of homeostasis) |
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Definition
| organisms whos body temperature changes in concert with external conditions |
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Definition
| an organisms that during part of its life history becomes either endothermic or ectothermic |
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Definition
| a temporary state of reduced metabolic rate |
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Definition
| a group of individuals of the same species living in a given area at a given time |
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Definition
| a genetic individual that raises from a single fertilized egg |
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Definition
| a potentially physiologically independent unit |
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Definition
| a population composed of subpopulations held together by movements of individuals among them |
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Definition
| the number of individuals in a population (N); is determined by: area over which the population is distributed and population density |
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| number of individuals per unit area |
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Term
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Definition
| distribution lacking pattern or order; placement of each individual is independent of all other individuals |
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Definition
| distribution in which individuals are more uniformly placed than would be expected by chance |
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Definition
| distribution in which individuals have a much higher probability of being found in some places than in others |
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Definition
| leaving an area of birth or activity for another area |
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Term
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Definition
| intentional, directional, usually seasonal movement of animals between two regions or habitats; involves departure and return of the same individual |
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Term
| Intrinsic Rate of Increase (r): |
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Definition
| the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in a given environment |
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Term
| Finite Rate of Increase (?): |
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Definition
| a measure of the proportional change in population size from one year to the next; it represents the average number of offspring produced by an individual per generation |
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Term
| Cohort (dynamic) life table: |
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Definition
| tabulation of age-specific mortality and survival estimated by following a group of individuals all born at the same time |
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Term
| Time-specific (static) life table: |
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Definition
| tabulation of age-specific mortality and survival estimated from a cross-section of a population at a given time |
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Term
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Definition
| average number of female offspring produced by a female during her lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| the maximum sustainable population size for the prevailing environment |
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Term
| Density-Dependent effects: |
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Definition
| population growth slows due to interactions among organisms (e.g., competition, aggression, disease) in proportion to population size |
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Term
| Allee Effect (Inverse Density Dependence): |
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Definition
| below some minimum population density the mortality rate increases, birthrate decreases, or both |
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Term
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Definition
| limited resources are shared to the point that no individual survives |
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Term
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Definition
| Only dominant individuals share limited resources; a relatively constant number of individuals survive |
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Term
| Exploitative competition: |
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Definition
| operates indirectly by the depletion of some shared resource |
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Term
| Interference competition: |
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Definition
| involves direct interactions among competitors |
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Term
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Definition
| set of (local) subpopulations held together by dispersal or movements of individuals among them |
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Term
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Definition
| discrete area of suitable habitat (place where an organism lives) within a larger landscape of unsuitable habitat |
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Term
| Environmental Stochasticity: |
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Definition
| random variations in the environment that directly affect birth and death rates |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in population size (and decrease in extinction risk) that occurs with an increasing rate of immigration |
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Term
| Mainland-Island Metapopulation Stucture: |
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Definition
| a single habitat patch (the mainland) is the dominant source of individuals to island population |
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Term
| Mechanisms of Interspecific Competition: |
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Definition
| consumption, preemption, overgrowth, chemical interactions (allelopathy), territoriality, encounter competition |
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Term
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Definition
| In terms of resource use, an individual of Species 2 is equivalent to α individuals of Species 1 |
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Term
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Definition
| equations giving the values of N1 and N2 that yield zero population growth for each species can be arranged in four relative positions or different competitive outcomes |
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Term
| Principle of Competitive Exclusion: |
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Definition
| two species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely |
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Term
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Definition
| feature of the environment that is required for growth, survival, or reproduction and which can be consumed or otherwise used to the point of depletion |
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| Physical Factor (nonresource factor): |
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Definition
| feature of the environment that affects organism function and population growth rates but is not consumed or depleted |
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Term
| Exploitative Interaction: |
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Definition
| an interaction between populations that enhances fitness (survival, growth, and reproduction) of one individual while reducing fitness of the exploited individual |
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Term
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Definition
| the consumption (eating) of all or part of one living organisms by another |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when organisms of the same species are killed (= intraspecific predation; usually large individuals eating small ones) |
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Term
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Definition
| entire plants or plant parts are eaten; plant may either be killed (e.g. seed eaters) or have only some biomass removed (e.g. grazing) |
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Term
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Definition
| parasites live on or within their living prey (host), depending upon it for nutrition and habitat; parasites typically reduce the fitness of their host, but do not generally kill it |
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Term
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Definition
| insect larvae that consume their host, killing it; are functionally equivalent to predators |
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Term
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Definition
| equations giving the values of Npred and Nprey that yield zero population growth for the other species |
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Term
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Definition
| change in the density of a predator population in response to increased prey density; b(cNpreyNpred) |
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Term
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Definition
| colors and patterns that allow prey to blend into the background |
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Term
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Definition
| extremely visible color patches that are displayed when cryptic animals are disturbed and put to flight; may distract and disorient predators |
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| Warning (Aposomatic) Coloration: |
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Definition
| bold colors and patterns that serve as a warning to potential predators |
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Term
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Definition
| animals living in the same habitats with inedible or dangerous species exhibit coloration that resembles the warning coloration of the toxic species |
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Term
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Definition
| many inedible or dangerous species living in the same habitat share a similar color pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviors by prey species aimed at avoiding detection, fleeing, and warning others of the presence of predators |
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Term
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Definition
| timing reproduction so that most offspring are produced in a short period of time; prey are so abundant that predators can only take a fraction |
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Term
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Definition
| brought about by the presence or action of a predator |
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Term
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Definition
| fixed feature of an organism (present all the time) |
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Term
| The Red Queen Hypothesis: |
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Definition
| an arms race where prey stay one step ahead of the predators (evolutionarily speaking) and predators evolve right behind them |
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Term
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Definition
| parasites live on or within their living prey (host), depending upon it for nutrition and habitat. Parasites typically reduce the fitness of their host, but do not generally kill it |
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Term
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Definition
| any deviation from a normal state of health; |
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Term
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Definition
| a heavy load of parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| small size and short generation time; viruses, bacteria, and protzoa |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively larger, long generation time, typically do not complete life-cycle in one host; flatworms, roundworms, fungi, flukes, mistletoes and other parasitic plants |
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Term
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Definition
| parasites that live on skin, fue, or feathers of the host |
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Term
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Definition
| parasite that lives within the body of the host |
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Term
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Definition
| reciprocally positive interactions between species |
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Term
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Definition
| relationship co-evolved to the point that neither member of the mutualistic association can persist without the other |
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Term
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Definition
| association with the other mutualist is nonessential but nonetheless leads to positive effects on individual fitness |
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Term
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Definition
| association in which only one member experiences a positive effect while the other has neither a positive nor negative response |
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Term
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Definition
| reduction of gaseous nitrogen to ammonium (a form plants can use) |
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Term
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Definition
| association of fungi with roots of plants |
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