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| study of fresh water ecosystems |
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| zone that consists of shallow, well-lit areas around the shore extending to where rooted vegetation stops growing |
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| open sunlit waters beyond teh littoral down to the depth where photosyn. is no longer significat |
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| deep ocean water below the depth of effective light penetration |
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| Consists of bottoms of lakes and ponds which contain sediments rich in organic matter |
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| small organisms that live on top or just below surface film |
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| small animals that form the base of the food chain |
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| decomposing anaerobic bacteria |
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| upper warmer part of a lake |
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| beneath the apilimnion dark cold regions completely cut off from surface air but in continuous contact with bottom mud |
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| between epi and hypo limnion |
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| steep temperature gradient |
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| Relationship between BOD and productivity of lake |
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| The more productive the lake the more BOD...with more life and matter comes more respiration and matter to decompose |
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| little productivity, low O2 demand, poor nutrirnt |
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| nutrient rich , productive, high O2 demand, warm shallow, lots of plant growth |
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| Rltnshp. between redox-potential of lake sediments and nutrient availability |
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| when reduced, nutrients are soluble and avilable, while when oxidized in the presence of O2 and become bound to the mud |
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| Events occuring during the fall and spring turnover |
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| nutrients are brought up from the bottom sediments prompting blooms of phytoplankton growth |
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| Stratification that occurs in temperate lakes |
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| the warmest water is at the bottom around 4 Celsius and coldest around 0 at the top |
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| shallow turbulent stretches where water flow swiftly over rough bottom |
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| deep water flowing slowly over smooth bottom |
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| fast flowing stretches of stream that flow over bedrock or rock with smooth surface water |
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mix of algea, cyanobacteria, heterotrophic microbes, that attach to submerged surface
(phosynthetic organisms that are most primary production in stream |
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| how does the nature of a stream-bottom influence productivity in the stream? |
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| Sandy bottom less productive than gravel because provide little substrate. |
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| Describe the abiotic and biotic changes that occurs as current decreases in slow water streams |
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| increase temp, decrease current, accumulating bottom silt, shape of fish change to more compact shape |
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| How do regulated rivers and streams differ from free-flowing ones. |
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| Regulated water has controlled water levels water flow and straighter channels, isolated from flood plains, and decreased biodiversity |
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| Contrast the effect of releasing water from epilimnion and hypolimnion of a reservoir on the receiving stream |
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epilimnion- warm, nutrient rich, well oxygenated water
hypolimnion- cold, oxygen-poor water concentration of organic material |
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| 2 ways in which the effects of hypolimnial release on a receiving stream can be reduced |
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-gated withdrawal structures
-artificial circulation |
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| found along shallow and periodical flooded banks of rivers and streams |
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| along coastal areas of large lakes or marine estuaries |
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| dominated by woody vegetation |
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| dominated by emergent herbaceous vegetation |
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| Problem of wetland depletion in N.A |
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more than 11 million acres of wetlands in the U.S due to conversion to farmland and urban development
High primary productivity, provide overflow areas, serve as nurseries, prime habitat for fish, waterflow, other wildlife, cleaning and filtering water from sediments and toxins |
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| Where does most productivity occur in marine ecosystem |
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| in shallow sunlit waters where phytoplankton form base of food chain |
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| Under what conditions are areas of open ocean very productive |
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| upwelling currents bring nutrients to surface layers |
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| saltwater only comes every once in a while on highest tides or wind blown salt spray |
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| covered and uncovered by tides |
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| Life on sandy shores and mudflats with that on rocky shores |
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| no surface for attachment, less protection, and bring in sand and become deposit- feeders or filter feeders |
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| Feeding styles of animals inhabiting sandy shores and mudflats |
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| Deposit-feeders or filter feeders |
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| Types of waters where coral reefs are found |
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| warm, nutrient-poor waters |
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| Relationship between the zooxanthellae and coral polyps |
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| zooxanthellae lives within cells of coral polyps and carry out photosynthesis and transfer organic material to coral tissue |
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| Why are coral reefs restricted to well sunlit areas? |
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| need sunlight for zooxanthellae |
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| Estruaries and their productiveness |
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| partly enclosed coastal ecosystems that occur where ocean meets the land ... saltwater and freshwater mix creating nutrient-rich and very productive ecosystem |
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| form on alluvial plains around margins of the estuaries or in the shelter of offshore islands and sand bars |
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| on tidal flats in tropical regions dominanted by salt-tolerant woody plants with shallow widely spreading roots |
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| The function of pneumatophores possessed by many mangrove trees |
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| take in oxygen for the roots |
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