Term
|
Definition
| The shallow shoreline under the influence of the rise and fall of the tides (1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extends from the coast to the margin of the continental shelf (2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beyond the continental shelf (3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depth zone of the oceanic zone: The surface layer of the oceans that extends to a depth of 200 m (1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depth zone of the oceanic zone: Extends from 200 - 1000m (2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depth zone of the oceanic zone: Extends from 1000 - 4000 m (3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depth zone of the oceanic zone: Extends from 4000 - 6000m (4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depth zone of the oceanic zone: Deepest parts of the ocean 6000+ m (5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Habitats on the bottom of aquatic environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Habitats off of the bottom of aquatic environments |
|
|
Term
| 80% of solar energy striking the ocean is absorbed in the first BLANK meters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A layer of water through which temperature changes rapidly with depth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Great circulation systems created by wind-driven currents |
|
|
Term
| Gyres move to the BLANK in the Northern Hemisphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gyres move to the BLANK in the Southern Hemisphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hug the shore of a continent or an island |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stands between the open sea and a lagoon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coral islets that have built up from submerged oceanic island and ring a lagoon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form where rivers meet the sea |
|
|
Term
| Salt marshes and mangrove forests occur at BLANK |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A transition between the aquatic environment of the river and the upland terrestrial environment (1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A zone of transition between areas of surface water flow and ground water (2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The area containing groundwater (3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Zone in lake beneath littoral zone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Encompasses the surface layer of lakes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The thermocline zone beneath the epilimnion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cold dark waters beneath the thermocline in lakes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lakes of low biological production and high O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lakes of high biological production and low O2 |
|
|
Term
| IR have BLANK wavelengths and BLANK energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UV have BLANK wavelengths and BLANK energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of photosynthetically active radiation is absorbed by BLANK |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Photon flux density is measured as |
|
Definition
| Number of photons striking square surface per second |
|
|
Term
| Which is more common, C3 or C4 photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plants must BLANK to fix carbon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C4 is used when BLANK is necessary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acids produced during carbon fixation diffuse to specialized cells surrounding the BLANK |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CAM photosynthesis stands for |
|
Definition
| Crassulacean Acid Metabolism |
|
|
Term
| CAM photosynthesis occurs in |
|
Definition
| Succulent plants in arid environments |
|
|
Term
| Five elements that make up 95% of biomass of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Essential plant nutrients (11) |
|
Definition
| K, Ca, Mg, S, Cl, Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Cu and Molybdenum |
|
|
Term
| Herbivores suffer from low BLANK concentrations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plant physical defenses against herbivores |
|
Definition
| Cellulose, lignin and silica |
|
|
Term
| Plant chemical defenses against herbivores |
|
Definition
| Toxins, digesting reducing compounds |
|
|
Term
| Detrivores consume food rich in BLANK and BLANK, but low in BLANK |
|
Definition
| Carbon and energy, nitrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Co-mimicry among several species of noxious organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Harmless species mimic noxious species |
|
|
Term
| BLANK accounts for much of water lost by terrestrial organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Equation for relative humidity is... |
|
Definition
| (Water vapor density/Saturation water vapor density)x100 per unit volume of air |
|
|
Term
| Saturation water density changes with BLANK |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Total atmospheric pressure |
|
Definition
| Pressure exerted by all gases in the air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partial pressure due to water vapor |
|
|
Term
| Saturation water vapor pressure |
|
Definition
| Pressure exerted by water vapor in air saturated by water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Difference between water vapor pressure and saturated water vapor pressure |
|
|
Term
| When the vapor pressure deficit is high, evaporation is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body fluids and external fluid are at the same concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body fluids are at a higher concentration than the external environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body fluids are at a lower concentration than the external environment |
|
|
Term
| Water Potential (Psi) is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water potential in nature is usually (positive or negative) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water potential at the top of a plant is (more or less) negative |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water's tendency to adhere to container walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The reduction in water potential due to negative pressure created by water evaporating from leaves |
|
|
Term
| Water pressure of the plant must be (higher or lower) than water pressure of the soil for water to flow from the soil to the plant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of internal water movement in terrestrial animals (5) |
|
Definition
| Drinking(+), Food(+), Absorbed by air(+), Evaporation(-), and Secretion/excretion(-) |
|
|
Term
| Types of internal water movement in terrestrial plants (4) |
|
Definition
| Roots(+), Air(+), Transpiration(-) and Secretions(-) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water released during cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
| Park found supportive evidence that... |
|
Definition
| Deeper roots often help plants in dry environments extract water from deeper soils |
|
|
Term
| Water conservation mechanisms of terrestrial plants (5) |
|
Definition
| Waxy outer covering, drop leaves in response to drought, thick leaves, few stomata, and periodic dormancy |
|
|
Term
| Water conservation mechanisms of terrestrial animals (3) |
|
Definition
| Concentrated feces/urine, condensing water vapor in breath, and behavioral modifications to avoid stress |
|
|
Term
| How do camels survive in the desert? |
|
Definition
| Can withstand water loss up to 20%, face into sun to reduce exposure, and have thick hair to increase body temperature to lower the heat gradient |
|
|
Term
| How does the saguaro cactus survive in the desert? |
|
Definition
| Trunks/arms act as water storage organs, dense network of shallow roots and reduce evaporative loss |
|
|
Term
| How do scorpions survive in the desert? |
|
Definition
| Slow down, conserve energy, stay out of sun (long-lived w/ low metabolic rates) |
|
|
Term
| How do cicadas survive in the desert? |
|
Definition
| Active on the hottest days, perch on branch tips (cooler microclimates) and reduce abdomen temp by feeding on xylem fluid of pinyon pine trees |
|
|
Term
| How do marine bony fish deal with osmosis? |
|
Definition
| Are strongly hypoosmotic and drink seawater for salt influx |
|
|
Term
| How do sharks, skates and rays deal with osmosis? |
|
Definition
| Elevate blood solute concentrations hyperosmotic to seawater and then slowly gain water osmotically. |
|
|
Term
| How do freshwater fish and invertebrates deal with osmosis? |
|
Definition
| Hyperosmotic, thus excrete large amounts of dilute urine and replace salts by absorbing through gills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shaded areas created by hills, mountains and valleys |
|
|
Term
| What is important about aspects? |
|
Definition
| The offer contrasting microclimates/environments |
|
|
Term
| Five things that can create microclimates |
|
Definition
| Altitude, aspect, ground color, boulders/burrows and vegetation |
|
|
Term
| Latent heat of evaporation |
|
Definition
| Heat absorbed by water as it evaporates (580 cal/1 g H2O) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The heat energy water gives off as it freezes (80 cal/1 g) |
|
|
Term
| Three things that contribute to the thermal stability of aquatic environments |
|
Definition
| Specific heat, latent heat of vaporization, latent heat of fusion |
|
|
Term
| Aquatic environments show (more or less) temperature variation than terrestrial environments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First to use a mathematical approach to analyze the evolutionary consequences of trade-offs resulting from energy limitations in the PRINCIPLE OF ALLOCATION |
|
|
Term
| Who created the Principle of Allocation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As a population adapts to a particular set of environmental conditions, its fitness in other environments is reduced |
|
|
Term
| Albert Bennett and Richard Lenski |
|
Definition
| Found support for the Principle of Allocation (Levins) via experiments with E. coli in different temperature environments |
|
|
Term
| Who found support for the Principle of Allocation (Levins) via experiments with E. coli in different temperature environments? |
|
Definition
| Albert Bennett and Richard Lenski |
|
|
Term
| John Baldwin and P. W. Hochachka studied |
|
Definition
| The influence of temperature on the performance of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in rainbow trout |
|
|
Term
| Acetylcholinesterase in rainbow trout is important because... |
|
Definition
| It has two forms with optimal temperatures at winter (2 degrees) and summer (17 degrees) temperatures |
|
|
Term
| Who studied the influence of temperature on the performance of the enzume acetylecholinesterase in rainbow trout? |
|
Definition
| John Baldwin and P.W. Hochachka |
|
|
Term
| Extreme temperatures (increase or decrease) the rate of photosynthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physiological changes in response to temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Richard Morita studied... |
|
Definition
| The effect of temperature on population growth among psychrophilic bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Who studied the effect of temperature on population growth among psychrophilic bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sources of heat gain and heat loss (5) |
|
Definition
| Metabolism(+), conduction(+/-), convection (+/-), radiation(+/-), and evaporation(-) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transfer of heat between objects in direct physical contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transfer of heat between a solid object and a moving fluid (EX wind) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body temperature varies directly with environmental temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rely mainly on external energy sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of endotherms that maintain a relatively constant internal environment |
|
|
Term
| Only types of homeotherms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do desert plants avoid overheating? |
|
Definition
| Small leaves increase exposure of plant surfaces to the wind, highly reflective leaves reduce heat gain by radiation, and orientate their leaves parallel to the sunlight |
|
|
Term
| How do arctic and alpine plants stay warm? |
|
Definition
| Darkly pigmented leaves, cushion growth, leaves perpendicular to sunlight, retention of dead leaves for insulation, and thick pubescence on leaves |
|
|
Term
| How does the Eastern Fence Lizard regulate temperature? |
|
Definition
| Metabolizable energy intake maximized at 33 degrees, which is the preferred temperature of the lizards |
|
|
Term
| How do grasshoppers regulate temperature? |
|
Definition
| Some species can adjust for radiative heating by varying the intensity of pigmentation during development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The range of environment temperatures over which the metabolic rate of a homeothermic animal does not change |
|
|
Term
| Tropical species maintain a constant metabolic rate over a (broad or narrow) range of temperatures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arctic species maintain a constant metabolic rate over a (broad or narrow) range of temperatures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the swimming muscles of large marine fish regulate body temperature? |
|
Definition
| Lateral swimming muscles are well supplied with blood vessels that function as counter-current heat-exchangers that keep body temp high |
|
|
Term
| What's so special about bumblebees and moths? |
|
Definition
| Thermoregulate high thorax temperatures via flight activity and transfer of heat from thorax to abdomen |
|
|
Term
| Almost all plants are what kind of temperature regulators? |
|
Definition
| Poikilothermic ectotherms |
|
|
Term
| Plants in the family BLANK use metabolic energy to heat flowers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does skunk cabbage thermoregulate? |
|
Definition
| Stores large quantities of starch in large root and then translocates it to the inflorescence where it is metabolized to generate heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hibernation during summer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deep water moved to the surface when surface water is blown offshore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lowest ocean salinity occurs at |
|
Definition
| Areas near the equator due to high precipitation |
|
|
Term
| Highest ocean salinity occurs at |
|
Definition
| The subtropics where evaporation is high |
|
|
Term
| Oceans contribute how much of total photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reefs and kelp beds are limited by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Biological productivity of kelp beds and corals may depend on... (other than temp and light) |
|
Definition
| Flushing action of currents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intertidal zone seldom covered by high tide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intertidal zone covered only during high tide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intertidal zone uncovered by lowest tides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intertidal zone always covered by water |
|
|
Term
| How is light measured in regards to rivers and streams? |
|
Definition
| Surface light and depth of penetration |
|
|
Term
| Zebra mussels are an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ecology of five species of warblers living in the same niche to determine they coexisted by feeding in different zones of the same tree |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mats high in nutrients that are accessed by rainforest canopy trees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plant pollen deposited in lake sediments to determine large temporal changes in nearby plant communities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The natural history of tropical dry forests in Costa Rica to aid restoration efforts |
|
|
Term
| Importance of the Guanacaste tree |
|
Definition
| Has no current dependable dispersers thus trees produce massive numbers of fruit |
|
|
Term
| Major deserts are found at what lattitude? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Winds to flow clockwise in the N hemisphere and counterclockwise in the S hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| 10 degree C = BLANK mm precipitation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| No shading on months of climate diagram means |
|
Definition
| The mean minimum temperature for the month is below freezing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organic layer of soil, most superficial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mixture of minerals, clay, silt and sand (layer 2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clay, humus and other materials leached from A horizon, also contain roots (layer 3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weathered parent material |
|
|
Term
| Biomes are distinguished by... |
|
Definition
| Predominant plants and climates |
|
|
