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| El Nino - Southern Oscillation |
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| cycle lasts 5 Years, occurs over tropical Pacific ocean, caused by atmospheric circulation over equator |
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| The study of organisms with their physical environment, focuses on whole-organism function, explicitly evolutionary |
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| changes in a species over time, results from natural selection |
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| Contribution of an organism to future generations, adaptive traits have genetic basis (heritable) |
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| organisms allocate limited resources to competing demands in a way that maximizes fitness |
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| Short term homeostatic response of individual to environment, enhances performance, typically reversible, thicker fur in winter is an example |
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| Environment can alter development of organisms, irreversible change, grasshopper color changes with incubation temp is an example |
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| Justus Von Leibig (chemist), studied role of nutrients for plants, says that growth is limited by the nutrient in the shortest supply |
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| Fredrick Blackman (botanist), saw that growth limited by more than just nutrients, law says that growth is limited by rate of slowest factor (water, light, nutrients, temp) |
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| V.E. Shelford (animal ecologist), recognized role of too little or too much, law says species have range of tolerances for environmental factors |
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| optimal, population growth |
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| second best, organism growth, not reproducing |
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| Can survive, no growth or reproduction |
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| 2 basic strategies for maintaining homeostasis: |
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| allow internal state to fluctuate with environment, performance depends on conditions, broader tolerances but perform poorer at optimal, reduces energy costs, constrained to favorable environments |
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| Strict internal environment, narrow tolerances but perform better at optimal, net energy gain by maintaining optimal, constrained less by environment, high energy cost |
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| Energy and carbon from inorganic sources |
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| Carbon: C02, energy: light |
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| Carbon: CO2, energy: oxidizing inorganic chemicals, all prokaryotic |
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| Carbon from organic sources |
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| Carbon: organic molecules, Energy: light, all prokaryotic |
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| Carbon: organic molecules, energy: oxidizing chemicals |
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| occur in mesophyll, mesophyll cells contain chloroplasts, absorbs blue/red, light energy drives sugar synthesis |
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| occur in thylakiods, absorbed photons drive ETC, water is raw material, creates ATP+NADPH+oxygen |
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| calvin cycle, CO2 fixed into organic acid, acid reduced to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, G3P is precursor for gluclose, powered by ATP+NADPH from light reactions |
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| Most vascular plants, fixation and calvin cycle both occur in mesophyll, both during day, inefficient rubisco (fix slow), water losses can be high, only efficient when water is plentiful |
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| used by angiosperms (mostly monocots: grasses, corn, etc), fixation in mesophyll, calvin cycle in bundle sheath cells, both during day, fixation efficient, better in high temps and low C02 |
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| Crassulaceae family, fixation and calvin both occur in mesophyll, fix during night, calvin during day, low photosynthesis rates, conserves water |
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| Partitioning of Fixation and Calvin Cycle |
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Definition
| C3 does not partition, C4 uses space to partition fixation and calvin cycle, CAM uses time to partition fixation and calvin cycle |
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Term
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Definition
Hs=Hm+-Hcd+-Hcv+-Hr-He
Hs= stored heat
Hm-metabolic heat
Hcd=conductive heat
Hcv=convective heat
Hr=radiative heat
He=evaporative heat |
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| internal temp varies with environment "cold blooded" |
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| Sometimes regulate heat, other times do not |
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