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| Biological Species Concept |
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Definition
| a group of organisms that are capable of reproducing viable offspring; needs reporductive isolation |
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| opportunity to intrabreed |
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| consists of 2 basic interacting components: biotic and abiotic |
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| living; the many different organisms that inhabit an ecosystem |
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| the physical component of an ecosystem; atmosphere, climate, soil, water |
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| a group of individuals of the same species that occupy a given aread |
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| all populations of different species living and interacting within an ecosystem |
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| Harmony Nature/"Provential Ecology" Concept |
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Definition
By Aristotle/Plato;
1) # of individuals stays constant
2) OUtbreaks were divinly induced
3) Each species had an unique, unchanging role
Harmony Nature --> Balance of Nature |
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Definition
| study of how populations grow, flucuate, spread, and intrateintraspecifically and interspecifically |
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| 1st person to come up with ideas of limiting populations |
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| gets credit for idea that populations are limited by food and disease |
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- Nutrients limit plant growth (Agriculture)
-Things are only going to grow until they run out of things needed to grow
- Pests control; without pesticides - bring in predator
-medicine (Infectious diseases) |
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| integrated plant morphology, physiology, taxonomy, and biogeography into a coherent whole |
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proposed the plant community behaves as complex organism or superorganism that grows and develops through stages to a mature or climax level.
-botanist
-pinary early community ecologist
- patterns of plant development following succession |
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Definition
| the scientific study of interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms |
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- Descriptive: "whats there?"
- Functional: "whats there and how did it get there; interactions?"
- Evoluntionary: "why is it there" |
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| Fungi, Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Prokaryotae |
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Estimates of species numbers
Groups well enumerated
Groups poorly known |
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Definition
Insects, anthropods phylum: poorly known (small) - ~30 million
Birds, reptiles and amphibians, mammals - well known |
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| Erwin's Method of estimating the number of species |
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Definition
-limits to one specific tree species, in one location, at one time period
-host specificity similiar in all trees?
-from canopy because thats where most insects would be because light is there
-tropical insects |
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| May's method of estimating number of species |
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Definition
-takes log of # of species, against log of size
- the smallest sizes, an assumption (1-10 mil) the taxonomy is harder; less that .5 cm in size, not enought studied |
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Definition
-worked on coast of New Jersey (deep sea invertebrate); assumes NJ coast is same as other regions
-multiply by square footage of entire ocean and scales back on based on assumption
-Rarefraction curve: shows the rate at which new species turn up as more and more individuals are sampled: produce more species with more sample |
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| causes of evolution (change in gene frequencies) |
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Definition
-natural selection
-genetic drift
-migration
-reproduction |
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Definition
| change in the frequencies of genotypes due to differences in the ability of their phenotypes to obtain representation in the next generation (differential reproduction) |
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| characteristics that enable an organism to thrive in a given environment |
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| continuous vs. discrete variation |
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Definition
conintuous: weight
discrete: blood type |
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| How natural selection works |
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Definition
1) some phenotypes leave more offspring than others
2) Therefore some characteristics better represent next generation |
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Definition
| natural selection favors individials near the population mean at the expense of two extremes |
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Definition
| the mean value of the trait is shifted toward one extreme over another; distribution moves in one direction |
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Definition
natural selection favors both extremes simultaneously, results in bimodal distribution of the characterics in the population; middle of range is selected against
-occurs where members of a population are subjected to different selection pressures |
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| Frequency dependent selection |
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Definition
| individuals with most common phenotype selected agains, then eventually goes back, repeats |
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| Necessary Conditions for natural selection |
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Definition
1) phenotypic variation
2) more individuals bore than can survive
3) variation result in differences of fitness
4) variation is heritable |
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| ability to survive and reproduce in their environment |
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| only works if groups have certain amount of gene relatedness |
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| random; in small populations; change in gene frequencies due to chance alone |
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frequency of allelse will remain constant from generation to generation in a large population if
1. random mating
2. no natural selection
3. no mutations
4. no migration |
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| species are 'identical' but isolated geographically |
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Definition
one of several groups of populations that are partially but not entirely repordictive isolated from each other by biological factor (isolating mechanisms)
Example: hybrid zones: not a completely different species but there is some continum |
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| Recognition species concept |
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Definition
| species are groups of individuals with a common method of recognizing and responding to mates: specific mate recognition system (SMRS) |
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Definition
gradual and essentially continuous change of a character in a series of contiguous population
character gradient forms
found along gradual changes in environment usually climate causes |
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| local race (subspecies) that owes its conspicous characteristics to selective effects of local environmental changes |
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| ecologically and phenotypically similiar forms totally or partially geographically isolated |
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massive character displacement
evolution from a common ancestor of divergent forms adapted to distinct ways of life |
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| a divergence of characters in sympatric species resulting from selective efforts of competition |
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| species occupy the same area at the same time so they have the opportunity to interbreed |
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| species occupy areas separated by time or space |
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| means by which diverse species remain distinct; mechanisms that restrict the exchange of genes between populations |
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prevent mating between individuals of different species
1) habitat selection
2) temporal isolation
3) behavior
4) mechanical/structural incompatibility |
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Definition
reduce the survival or reproductive success of those offspring that may arise from the matin of individuals of two different species.
1) gamete mortality
2) zygote mortality
3) bydrid invariability
4) hybrid sterility |
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Definition
| offspring the result from the mating of two different species |
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polypoidy - a mutation
mostly in plants (30-50%) vascular plants
in animals- rare: only in groups w/ parthenogenesis: females can reproduce without males |
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Definition
chromosome from single species forms a zygote
1species --> 2 species |
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Definition
chromosome from 2 species form a zygote
2 species --> 3 species |
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| Types of Gradual Speciation (3) |
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Definition
1. sympatric
2. parapatric
3. allopatric |
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Definition
| new species arises within range of the original species |
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| new species arises on edge of range of the orginal species |
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| geographic separation that prevents gene flow; ranges do not overlap |
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assortment mating
for example, color morphs in birds |
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| genotypic adaption (specialization) |
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Definition
host specicifity - genotype specializes on a host;
behaviroal isolation
mutation; can only reproduce with eachother, even with in the habitat; different niches |
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| Allopatric: physical separation of populations |
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Definition
| reproductive isolation --> geographic isolation |
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| Allopatric: differenciation due to natural selection |
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Definition
| different selective pressures --> different environments |
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| Allopatric: reproductive isolation evolution |
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Definition
| reproduction isolation evolves; geographic isolation evolves |
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Definition
| species get back together, complete reproductive isolation, no isolation - interbreeding |
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Definition
| a group of organisms of the same species in a particular time and space |
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