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Ecology test 3
Ecology test 3
67
Aviation
Kindergarten
11/09/2013

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Term
difference between mutualism and commensalism
Definition
(+/+) & (+/0)
Term
a parasite that causes disease
Definition
pathogen
Term
consumption of woody vegetation
Definition
browsing
Term
consumption of plants
Definition
grazing
Term
Parasite virulence
Definition
measure of the capacity of a parasite to invade host tissues and proliferate in them
Term
Plant defenses
Definition
Nitrogen compound
Nonprotein amino acids
Terpenoids
Term
Constitutive defenses
Definition
chemicals that are maintained at high level in plant tissues
Term
Induced defenses
Definition
chemicals that are activated by damage to the plant
Term
Structural defenses
Definition
thorns, spikes, needles, spines
Term
Nurse plants
Definition
facilitate establishment of plants of another species that will eventually compete for resources
Term
Trophic mutualism
Definition
the partners are specialized in complementary ways to obtain energy and nutrients
Term
Defensive mutualism
Definition
receive food or shelter from their partners in return for defending those partners against their consumers
Term
dispersive mutualism
Definition
dispersal of pollens and seed
Term
Density dependent regulation
Definition
populations are self-limiting because resources become scarcer as consumer population grows
Term
dV/dt = rV – cVP
Definition
The rate of change in the prey pop
Term
dP/dt = acVP – dP
Definition
The rate of change in the predator pop.
Term
R0 = (b/g)S
Definition
Pathogen-host dynamics
Term
R0 < 1
Definition
The infection fails
Term
R0 > 1
Definition
the epidemic can no longer sustain itself
Term
Functional response Type 1
Definition
The prey capture rate increases without limit as the density of prey population increases
Term
Functional response type 2
Definition
The prey capture rate levels off
Term
Functional response type 3
Definition
The prey capture rate levels off and predators consume relatively fewer prey at low prey densities and switch to alternative prey.
Term
Circumstances that cause type 3 functional response
Definition
-Heterogeneous habitat that has limited number of safe hiding places for prey
-At low prey densities predators encounter prey less often and so do not learn to hunt them as efficiently
-Predator may switch to alternative sources of prey when particular prey are scarce
Term
Numerical response
Definition
predator hunts one prey exclusively at high density and alternative prey at low density.
Term
Alternative stable states
Definition
-Consumer imposed equilibrium
-Resource imposed equilibrium
Term
Intraspecific competition
Definition
occurs between individuals of the same species
Term
Liebig’s law of the minimum:
Definition
a single resource that is most scarce relative to demand that limits population growth
Term
Synergistic effect
Definition
when two resources together enhance the growth of a consumer more than the sum of both individually
Term
competitive exclusion principle
Definition
two species cannot coexist indefinitely when the same resource limits both species
Term
Asymmetric competition
Definition
where one species (A) might exploit resources more efficiently while another species (B) is better at tolerating stressful conditions or avoiding consumers
Term
Exploitative competition
Definition
where individuals compete indirectly through their mutual effects on shared resources
Term
Interference competition
Definition
competitors interact directly by aggressively defending resources
Term
Allelopathy
Definition
toxic chemicals produced by plants that interfere with competing plants
Term
Apparent competition
Definition
when 2 species with a mutual predator affect eachother. one may increase in abundance and then increase the predator abundance and decrease the abundance of the other prey species.
Term
Coevolution
Definition
The reciprocal evolution in two or more interacting species of adaptations selected by their interactions
Term
crypsis
Definition
when organisms blend in with the background by matching color and pattern
Term
Batesian mimicry
Definition
when palatable prey organisms resemble noxious ones
Term
Mullerian mimicry
Definition
when several unpalatable species adopt a single pattern of warning coloration
Term
Genotype – genotype interactions
Definition
differences in the expression (and fitness) of genotypes in one species depending on the genotypes of another species
Term
Character displacement
Definition
divergence in the traits of two otherwise similar species where their ranges overlap, caused by the selective effects of competition between them
Term
Sympatric
Definition
where two species coexist within the same geographic area
Term
Allopatric
Definition
where geographic ranges do not overlap
Term
Species cover
Definition
the proportion of a sample area covered by a particular species
Term
Species abundance
Definition
number, density or biomass of individuals within a sample area
Term
Species richness
Definition
number of species within an area
Term
relative abundance
Definition
proportional representation of a species in a sample or community
Term
Rank-abundance plot
Definition
the abundances of species (on log scale) ranked from the most common to the rarest
Term
Dominant species
Definition
species with high abundance in a community
Term
D=(S-1)/ln(N)
Definition
Margalef’s index
Term
D=S /√N
Definition
Menhinick’s index
Term
[image]
Definition
simpson index
Term
S=cA^z
Definition
species area relationship
Term
Energy-diversity hypothesis
Definition
correlation between PET and species richness
Term
Local (alpha) diversity
Definition
number of species in a small area of homogenous habitat
Term
Regional (gamma) diversity
Definition
the total number of species observed in all habitats within a geographic area
Term
Beta diversity
Definition
turnover in species from one habitat to another
Term
C/(S1+S2)/2
Definition
Sorensen similarity index
Term
J = C/(C+U1+U2)
Definition
Jaccard similarity
Term
species pool
Definition
the species that occur within a region
Term
Species sorting
Definition
a process that determines membership in a local community based on the tolerance of species from the regional species pool for local conditions, their requirements for resources, or their interactions with competitors, predators, and pathogens
Term
Environmental filters
Definition
environmental variables that caused species sorting
Term
Ecological release
Definition
when species from a region of low species richness show expansion in habitat and resource use and increase in abundance
Term
Communities with different number of species can differ with respect to only three factors:
Definition
Total community niche space
Niche overlap among species
Niche breadth (degree of specialization) of individual species
Term
In a community with a fixed volume of total niche space species can be added by
Definition
Increasing niche overlap
Decreasing niche breadth
Term
intermediate disturbance hypothesis
Definition
moderate level of disturbances makes a mosaic of habitat patches of different stages of succession in a community
Term
Pest pressure hypothesis
Definition
herbivory could be responsible for the high species richness in tropical forest – Daniel Janzen
Term
Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography
Definition
Emphasizes the potential importance of large-scale regional processes for understanding ecological patterns
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