Term
| Individualistic hypothesis |
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Definition
| The idea that communities are chance assemblages. They are not baed on interspecies interactions, but abiotic requirements |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that species within a community are connect through biotic, dependent relationships (like one big organism) |
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Definition
| This says that species are linked in a tight web of interactions. If one species is hurt, it affects ther rest |
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Definition
| This says that even if one species is lost, another species will fill it's ecological niche |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of an organism's usage of biotic and abiotic resources |
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Term
| Competitive Exclusion Principal |
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Definition
| Two species cannot coexist in the same community if their niches are identical |
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Term
| Predator and Pray Adaptations due to Predation |
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Definition
| Predators have developed claws/teeth/stingers/poison, speed, and camoflauge. Plants against herbivores have developed bad tastes and poison. Animal pray have develpoed passive defenses (hiding, camoflauge, mimicry) and active defenses (running,fighting) |
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Definition
| Two species imitate eachother to confuse their predators |
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Definition
| An animal mimics another species |
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Definition
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Definition
| A species uses bright colors to scare predators away |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasites that live in a host |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasites that feed on the surface of a host |
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Term
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Definition
| When a parasite lays eggs in it's hosts\ |
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Term
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Definition
| A predator-pray or host-parasite relation that benefits both species |
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Term
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Definition
| An interaction that benefits one organism and does not affect the other |
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Term
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Definition
| Species that cause eachother to evolve |
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Term
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Definition
| The transfer of food energy |
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Term
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Definition
| One level of the food chain/web |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that a community's total energy input limits the length of it's food chain |
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Term
| Dynamic stability hypothesis |
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Definition
| The idea that long food chains are less stable than short food chains because they have more room for fluxuation |
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Term
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Definition
| The species in a community that have the highest biomass (sum weight of all individuals in its population.) This is achieved by high competitive ability |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that nutrients are the main determinants of community structure |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that predators are the main determinants of community structure |
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Term
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Definition
| Events that damage communities, remove organisms from them, and alter the availability of resources. These result in nonequilibrium communities |
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Term
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Definition
| Life that begins in a lifeless area (bacteria-moss/lichen-soil-plants-animals.) Takes thousands of years |
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Term
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Definition
| Life that begins in partiall cleared out areas, and the area returns to its original state |
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Term
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Definition
| A measurement of a species' richness and it's relative abundance |
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Term
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Definition
| A measurement of how many different species there are. It is more in the tropics than in the polar regions. It is also moreso over larger sections of land and, in the case of islands, islands closer to the mainland |
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Term
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Definition
| How much of a species there is in comparission to other species |
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Term
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Definition
| Feeding relationships used to follow energy flow and map the use of chemical elements |
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Term
| Primary Producers/autotrophs |
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Definition
| Organisms that get their energy directly from the sun |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that get their energy from detritus. They are the link between producers and consumers by breaking down organic material to their chemical elements to form abiotic reservoirs (soil, water.) The main decomposers are fungi and prokaryotes, who secreete enzymes that digest organic material. |
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Term
| Primary Consumers/heterotrophs |
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Definition
| Organisms that consume the primary producers |
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Term
| Secondary Consumers, Tertiary consumers, etc |
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Definition
| Various carnivores that go up and up levels |
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Term
| The laws of physics and chemistry apply to ecosystems |
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Definition
| #1 Conservation of energy. #2 Some energy gets lost as heat. |
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Term
| Gross Primary Production (GPP) |
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Definition
| The amount of light energy converted into chemical energy py photosynthesis over a period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| The dry weight of vegetation in an area over a period of time (g/m^2/yr) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What limits primary production in a marine ecosystem? |
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Definition
| Light (even in clear water, light doesn't go too deep) and more importantly, nutrients (more particullarly, Nitrogen and Phosphorous.) Nitrogen limists phytoplankton growth (or it could be iron.) |
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Term
| What limits primary production in a freshwater ecosystem? |
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Definition
| Light and temperature affect it most, though phosphorous also limits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pollutant runoffs causes an increase in nutrients which increases cyanobacteria (green algae.) This leads to dead plants which lead to detritivores who eat all the oxygen. |
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Term
| What limits primary production in a terrestial ecosystem? |
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Definition
| Temp, moisture, nutrients (primary producers use soil nutrients faster than they replace) |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical energy transferred from producer to consumer. |
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Term
| What do organisms use most of their energy in? |
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Definition
| Respiration (heat.) And feces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy used for growth and reproduction (net secondary production)/total energy taken in (assimilation of primary production) |
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Term
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Definition
| Product efficiency over the course of trophic levles |
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Term
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Definition
| Visually compare biomass transfers. Some pyramids are inverted because the consumers eat more quickly than the producers can reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
| Standing crop biomass/production |
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Term
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Definition
| Why don't herbivores consume all of the plants, leaving nothing left? Herbivores consum little percent of the biomass because their populations are kept low by predators, nutrients, abiotic factors, competition, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| When one community is gradually replaced by another community |
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Term
| In what forms do nutrients come in? |
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Definition
| (C, O, S, N) in atmosphere and via soil (P, K, Ca) |
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Term
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Definition
| Phosphorous only occurs in PO4 and PO3, which come from the weathering of rocks and consumer excretion. P stays in more local ecologies, except for erosion, which can make it gather on the sea floor. |
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Term
| What affects decomposition rates? |
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Definition
| Temperature, water, fires, and amounts of 02. Aquatic ecosystems do not depend on decomposition |
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Term
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Definition
| Long term ecological research (used to monitor ecosystems over long periods of time.) |
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Term
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Definition
| When toxins become more concentrated in successive trophic levels |
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Term
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Definition
| The interaction between organisms and their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-living, chemical and physical features |
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Term
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Definition
| All the organisms part of an environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how organisms face challenges posed by abiotic/biotic components |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how many individuals of a species live in an area |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how an array of populations work together |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how ecosystems are arranged in a region |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how a combination of aabiotic factors affects organisms. |
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Definition
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Definition
| The study of the past and present distribution/s of individual species. |
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Term
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Definition
| How a species is spread out |
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Term
| Possible causes of an organism not living in an area |
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Definition
| Behavior, biotic factor, abiotic factor |
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Term
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Definition
| One in ten species becomes established in an area, another 1/10 become overun it |
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Term
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Definition
| A major ecosystem in a broad, geographic region. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small scale climates/ecologies |
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Term
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Definition
| An aquatic zone where sunlight reaches |
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Term
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Definition
| The line in water of rapid change in temperature |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A freshwater biome that has water that does not move |
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Term
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Definition
| A freshwater zone where the water is shallow and close to the shore |
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Term
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Definition
| An aphotic freshwater zone |
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Term
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Definition
| Nutrient poor lake, deeper. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nutrient rich lake, shallower. |
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Term
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Definition
| In between amount of nutrients, in between depth |
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Term
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Definition
| Filled in lakes and ponds |
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Term
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Definition
| Along the banks of periodically flooded rivers |
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Term
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Definition
| Next to lakes or seas with rising levles |
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Term
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Definition
| A place where fresh and salt water meet |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Evergreen shrub, dry areas, libel to forest fires. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of individuals of a species that simultaneously occupy the same general area |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of a species per area |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the factors that effects the growth of a population |
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Term
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Definition
| A visual that shows the age proportion of a species. There are three types Type I has things survive for a while and then dye off (flat-down). Type II has things dying at a constant rate (45 degreez) and Type III has things that dye quickly, and then dying rate goes down. |
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Term
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Definition
| The traits that effect an organism's schedule of reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Big bang reproduction. Make a lot of babies all at once, and then die. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeated reproduction. A few babies, repeatedly. |
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Term
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Definition
| change in population over a period of time. Rate of increase. r=births (b)- deaths (d) |
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Term
| exponential increase/geometrical population growth |
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Definition
| A population's level of growth under ideal conditions |
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Term
| Intrinsic rate of increase |
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Definition
| The maximum growth rate of a species ("j" shaped) |
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Term
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Definition
| how much an enviromnet can hold of a population (K) |
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Term
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Definition
| When living in a smaller group is harder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Life history traits related to density |
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Term
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Definition
| Life history traits irrelevent to density |
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Term
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Definition
| The defense of one's physical space. A density dependent quality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Some populations have these. They can be caused by food shortages, predator prey interactions, or both. |
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Term
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Definition
| The relative amount of individuals for each age. |
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