Term
| fundamental vs. realized niche |
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Definition
fundamental niche - the potential or possible niche (larger)
realized niche - the realistic or actual niche. determined by competition from other organisms for resources in fundamental niche (smaller) |
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Term
| fact: humans have ALWAYS had a (detrimental) effect on environment, not just recently |
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Definition
| ie. Easter Island: used logs to roll volcanic rocks to periphery of island and build statues. but they deforested the island -> soil depletion -> overpopulation -> war -> cannibalism -> societal collapse |
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Term
| conservational biologists vs. theoretical ecologists |
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Definition
conservational - conserve animals however possible (interfere if necessary)
theoretical - conserve processes and let nature take it's course, then animals will learn from their mistakes
ie. dolphins get stuck in river. what do we do? |
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Term
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Definition
niche - range of tolerable conditions
habitat - physical setting |
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Term
| niche = n-dimensional hypervolume |
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Definition
-G.E. Hutchinson
-niche is composed of many different dimensions
food size, foraging height, humidity, etc.
-no two species have the same niche (species specialize: marine or desert or etc organism?) |
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Term
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Definition
temperature and precipitation!
-sun distributes heat differently across planet = different climates
-in a non-spinning earth, there are 2 cells of precipitation (one in north, one in south)
-in a spinning earth there are 3 cells per hemisphere (6 total) called hadley cells |
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Term
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Definition
0 - wet and hot -tropical rain forests
30 - dry and warm - deserts
60 - wet and cool - temperate rain forests
90 - dry and cold - frozen tundra |
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Term
| soil formation = F (C.P.O.S.T.) |
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Definition
C - climate (ie water and temperature)
P - parent material
O - living organisms involved
S - slope or terrain
T - time |
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Term
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Definition
plant on top
O - organic layer (decomposed leaves)
A - humus layer
-plant roots, most abundant life, michelles
B - accumulation of minerals due to water "leaching" them down
C - transition layer
R - parent rock |
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Term
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Definition
-control nutrient availability
-michelles are surrounded by negative charges which attract nutrients (+ charged) |
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Term
| Nutrients - cation exchange capacity |
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Definition
cations exchange spots of michelles due to binding ability:
H+ (most tightly bound)
Ca2+
Mg2+
K+
Na+ (most loosely bound) |
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Term
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Definition
proportion of differently sized particles:
gravel - >2 mm
sand - 0.5-2 mm
silt - 0.02-0.5 mm
clay - <0.02 mm |
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Term
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Definition
| -how particles are arranged relative to each other (clumped together or even dispersed) |
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Term
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Definition
-negative charges on soil (michelles) hold water
-clay holds much more water than gravel but gravel is better at draining water
-surface area : volume ratio increases with smaller particles causing an increase in water-holding capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| maximum amount of water that soil can hold against gravity |
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Term
| biomes: effect of mountains |
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Definition
-mtns affect temperature and precipitation
"altitude mimics latitude" (temperature effect)
mtn: desert (base), then oak, then alpine, then glacial (top)
air picks up moisture over ocean
->moves inland and cools, causing rain (in seattle)
->air goes over mountains (cascades)
-> moves even farther inland as dry air (spokane) |
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Term
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Definition
mount of energy it takes to change the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1 degree
-ie. water has a high heat capacity |
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Term
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Definition
-coastal cities have more moderate temperatures because coastal cities have more water in the air to moderate the temperature
-dry places have more extreme temperatures and bigger differences between highs and lows |
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Term
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Definition
-apparent deflection of a moving object in a rotating frame of reference
-ie. shooting rocket from equator to north
things in N hemisphere deflect to the right (clockwise)
in S hemisphere deflect to the left (counterclockwise) |
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Term
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Definition
-a large system of rotating wind currents in the oceans
-affects the water temperature
ie. west coast water is cold, east coast water is warm |
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Term
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Definition
-cold, treeless, dry, long winters and short summers
-ground is permanently frozen |
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Term
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Definition
-coniferous (evergreens) forest
-very cold winters, warm and humid summers |
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Term
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Definition
| -rolling hills with either short grass or long grass depending on rainfall |
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Term
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Definition
-lots of trees and shrubs
-temperatures are not bad and decent rainfall |
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Term
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Definition
-very hot and dry
-the "wild west"
-lots of shrubs and cacti |
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Term
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Definition
| -hot, sand, some are really cold in winter |
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Term
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Definition
-rolling grassland with trees
-always warm
-one long dry winter and one long wet summer |
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Term
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Definition
-a shit ton of rain
-always warm |
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Term
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Definition
| -adaptations of species to live in their environment |
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Term
| ectotherm/endotherm factors |
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Definition
energy expenditure
body size limit
efficiency (enzymes) |
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Term
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Definition
| W (food + drinking + absorption - secretion - evaporation) |
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Term
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Definition
| -nocturnal, metabolic water instead of drinking water, lives in burrow |
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Term
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Definition
open - take in CO2, lose water
closed - keep water, don't get CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
keep stomata open longer
-RuBP has low affinity for CO2
-more water loss
-cooler environment |
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Term
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Definition
keep stomata closed longer
-PEP has high affinity for CO2
-less water loss
-arid environment |
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Term
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Definition
| stomata open during night, closed during day |
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Term
| desert comparison (camel and cactus) |
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Definition
1. body size
2. insulation
3. water usage
4. temporal (stomates) |
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Term
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Definition
| -semi enclosed body of water with a measurable salinity gradient |
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Term
| what contributes to estuary productivity? |
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Definition
| freshwater input, sunlight (depth), and circulation (tides) |
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Term
| stenohaline vs. euryhaline |
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Definition
stenohaline - narrow tolerance (niche)
euryhaline - wide/broad tolerance (niche) so less competition |
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