Term
| Attributes of natural enemies |
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Definition
-Host/prey specificity
-Density dependent response
-Strong reproducer – “rate of increase”
-Good searching ability
-Synchrony with target pest
-Ability to survive low food supply |
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Term
| types of Host/Prey Specificity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| attack multiple types of prey |
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Term
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Definition
| attack only one or a few types of prey |
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Term
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Definition
| those that attack hosts/prey in multiple habitat types (such as in shrubs, grasses, and trees) |
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Term
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Definition
| concentrate on a single or very few habitat types |
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Term
| Density dependent factors |
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Definition
| inflict mortality as a function of the population density (predators, food, pathogens) |
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Term
| Density independent factors |
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Definition
| inflict mortality with no regard for population density (weather, pesticides) |
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Term
| some characteristics of density dependence |
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Definition
-Number of prey/hosts killed is a function of the number of prey/hosts available
-May be a function of space – Number of prey/hosts per unit area that the natural enemy can traverse
-May be a function of time – Number of prey/hosts available over a period of foraging time
-Considered to be important for pest management |
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Term
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Definition
| The pattern of attack by a natural enemy in relation to the number of prey/hosts and the time involved |
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Term
| what you want in a stable system |
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Definition
| long-term pest suppression |
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Term
| the goal in biological control |
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Definition
| to reduce the target pest population |
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Term
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Definition
| a population of populations where spatially distinct subpopulations occupy separated patches of habitat |
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Term
| how populations in a metapopulation occur in a natural system |
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Definition
| they are embedded in a matrix of space that is not suitable for the populations to persist, but movement among patches by the organisms does occur, and interactions among subpopulations maintain the overall metapopulation |
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Term
| the function of other patches of habitat for metapopulations in a natural system |
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Definition
| serving as refugia, giving the aphids a source from which they can spread and colonize new patches, and allow the predators to have a persistent source of prey in the future |
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Term
| why is density dependence desirable in biological control? |
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Definition
| because it can help relationships be stable |
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Term
| why metapopulations are good for biological control |
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Definition
| because they encourage stability |
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Term
| why it's important to consider which traits are valuable for effective natural enemies |
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Definition
| because if we have solid notions about what attributes are important, then we can target specific traits in natural enemies that may be of most use |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of natural enemies to respond positively to increasing host/prey density |
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Term
| the importance of functional response |
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Definition
| it can provide insights into natural enemy performance |
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Term
| Ultimately, biological control is... |
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Definition
| the interaction of populations under a particular set of conditions |
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Term
| the goal in biological control |
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Definition
| to select the most appropriate species for those interactions and conditions |
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Term
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Definition
-Entomophthoralean fungal pathogen of insects
-White fuzzy coat, often on beetles, caterpillars |
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Term
| a food web consists of... |
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Definition
| all of the linkages through which energy flows in an ecosystem, or food chains |
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Term
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Definition
| feeding or nutrition, deriving from the Greek ‘trophikos’, meaning nourishment |
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Term
| in a food web, energy is lost at each transfer due to... |
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Definition
| inefficiency of transfer, conversion of energy into materials that cannot be processed, and energy costs for maintenance of the organisms |
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Term
| this limits the number of trophic levels |
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Definition
| it is limited to a point where the cost of obtaining energy exceeds the energy available for use |
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Term
| Typically, there are no more than ______ trophic levels in an ecosystem |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| predation between species that also feed on the same prey/host item |
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Term
| what top-down forces do in food webs |
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Definition
| they ultimately influence the distribution and populations of the Consumers |
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Term
| what bottom-up forces do in food webs |
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Definition
| they move from the lower levels to affect the upper trophic levels |
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Term
| some things that act in a food web in a bottom-up direction, affecting the higher trophic levels |
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Definition
| defensive plant compounds and trichomes, or plant hairs |
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Term
| some things that act in a food web in a top-down direction, affecting the lower trophic levels |
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Definition
| Elimination or reduction of herbivores |
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Term
| how the third trophic level can shape evolution in the first trophic level |
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Definition
| by altering the distribution of herbivores in space and time, as herbivores try to escape natural enemy pressure |
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Term
| Biological Control relies on... |
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Definition
| the interactions among populations, and on top-down effects within food webs |
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Term
| In biological control, our focus is on ______, emphasizing ______. |
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Definition
the interactions among populations
the importance of top-down forces |
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Term
| Density of hosts/prey can be influenced by ______, which in turn influences ______. |
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Definition
the first trophic level
the third trophic level of natural enemies |
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Term
| population distribution that promotes random searching behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| how natural enemies find food in clumped populagtions |
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Definition
| by using signs to find hosts and prey, just like humans do when looking for clumped food resources |
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Term
| how metapopulations benefit natural enemies |
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Definition
| they provide opportunities for natural enemies to track hosts/prey in space and time, and allow stability of all populations over time by providing refuges for hosts/prey from which they can re-colonize other patches and allow natural enemies to persist |
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Term
| how natural enemies must track their enemies |
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Definition
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Term
| nature of the breadth of a natural enemy’s host/prey range has this effect |
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Definition
| affects the top-down outcomes |
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Term
| One very important factor that influences synchrony in time |
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Definition
| the developmental time and the time it takes to go through a generation |
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Term
| some important factors of synchrony in predator and pest populations |
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Definition
-the developmental time and the time it takes to go through a generation
-the number of generations that a natural enemy has per year |
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Term
| generalists need not synchronize with any one host/prey species, but must still... |
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Definition
| assure survival by synchronizing with available food resources |
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Term
| Synchrony can be complicated by... |
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Definition
| the need of organisms to survive through seasonal rough periods, such as winter in temperate climates or the dry season in the Tropics |
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Term
| the options organisms have to survive seasonal rough periods |
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Definition
-survive the period where you are through hibernation or some other means
-migrate to a better climate |
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Term
| why synchrony in time and space occurs both within and across seasons |
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Definition
| because natural enemies must re-unite with their host/prey resources after conditions have improved |
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Term
| these characteristics of target pests affects biological control |
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Definition
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Term
| Synchrony in ______ and ______ is critical. |
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Definition
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Term
| scientific name for predatory earwig |
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Definition
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Term
| some characteristics of predatory earwig |
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Definition
| This insect is actually an omnivore that feeds on plant material and on prey items. It is a generalist found in many cropping systems. Females of this predator guard their eggs after they lay them, for up to 10 days, usually leaving just before they hatch. But then, after the eggs hatch, the kids need to scatter fast before a very hungry mother in the neighborhood eats her young. These predators eat a wide variety of prey, including a number of different species of caterpillars. |
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Term
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Definition
| predatory earwig (Labidura riparia) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| some details about Beauveria bassiana |
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Definition
-Entomophthoralean fungal pathogen of insects
-White fuzzy coat, often on beetles, caterpillars
This fungus is rather common worldwide and is a definite generalist. It has been mass produced and is commercially available in various names (e.g., Mycotrol). |
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