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ecology midterm
N/A
135
Science
Undergraduate 2
10/17/2014

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Term
sclerophyllous shrubs
Definition
seasonally dry/moist and warm/cool
Term
deciduous trees
Definition
moist, seasonally warm/cool or cool/cold on fertile soils or warm, seasonally wet/dry
Term
grasses/sedges
Definition
moist, seasonally warm/cool with fire
Term
cacti and shrubs
Definition
dry, seasonally hot/cool
Term
evergreen broad-leaved trees
Definition
wet, warm year round
Term
needle-leaved evergreen trees
Definition
moist, seasonally warm/cool or cool/cold on infertile soils
Term
forbs
Definition
seasonally cool/cold
Term
mountain biomes
Definition
lower montaine zone, montaine zone, subalpine zone, alpine zone
Term
estuaries
Definition
junction of river and ocean
Term
other areas of life
Definition
salt marshes
mangrove forests
rocky intertidal zones
sandy shores
coral reefs
kelp beds
seagrass beds
Term
how does the physical environment influence an organisms ecological success?
Definition
availability of energy and resources
extreme conditions
Term
what factors reduce the amount of organisms? (2)
Definition
competition and disturbance
Term
what are the two options for coping with environmental change?
Definition
tolerance or avoidance
Term
physiological ecology
Definition
the interactions between organisms and the physical environment that influence their survival and persistace
Term
acclimatization
Definition
adjustment of physiology, morphology or behaviour to lessen the effects of stress of an environmental change. short term and reversible
Term
adaptations
Definition
individuals with traits that enable them to cope with stress are favoured. these genetic traits become more common over time
Term
ecotypes
Definition
populations with adaptations to unique environments (can lead to speciation)
Term
ectotherms
Definition
regulate body temperature through energy exchange with the external environment
Term
endotherms
Definition
rely primarily on internal heat generation
Term
thermoneutral zone
Definition
the range of environmental temperatures over which a constant basal metabolic rate can be maintained
Term
lower critical temperature
Definition
when heat loss is greater than metabolic production; body temperature drops and metabolic heat generation increases
Term
stomates
Definition
specialized guard cells surrounding leaf openings that control transpiration rates
Term
pubescence
Definition
hairs on leafs surfaces that reflect solar energy
Term
convective heat loss
Definition
related to the speed of air moving across the leaf surface
Term
dormancy
Definition
when little to no metabolic activity occurs
Term
boundary layer
Definition
a zone of turbulent flow due to friction, next to the leaf surface
Term
autotrophs
Definition
assimilate radiant energy from sunlight or from inorganic compounds
Term
heterotrophs
Definition
obtain their energy by consuming organic compounds from other organisms
Term
holoparasites
Definition
have no photosynthetic pigments, but get energy from other plants
Term
hemiparasites
Definition
are photosynthetic but get their nutrients, water and some energy from a host plant
Term
CAM plants
Definition
succulent, and open their stomates at night to reduce water loss
Term
order of food energy
Definition
fats, carbs, protein, fiber, secondary compounds
Term
who has a longer digestive system?
Definition
herbivorous primates compared to omnivorous humans
Term
evolution
Definition
genetic change over time or as a process of descent with modification
Term
what causes allele frequencies to change over time? (3)
Definition
natural selection
genetic drift
gene flow
Term
directional selection
Definition
individuals at one phenotypic extreme are favoured
Term
stabilizing selection
Definition
individuals with an intermediate phenotype are favoured
Term
disruptive selection
Definition
individuals at both phenotypic extremes are favoured
Term
what does natural selection have to overcome?
Definition
gene flow
Term
large scale processes that determine patterns of evolution (3)
Definition
speciation
adaptive radiation
mass extinction
Term
allometry
Definition
when body parts grow at different rates
Term
isogamy
Definition
gametes are equal in size
Term
anisogamy
Definition
gametes are different sizes
Term
direct development
Definition
the fertilized egg develops into a juvenile without passing through the larval stage
Term
complex life cycles
Definition
have at least two stages with different body forms that live in different habitats
Term
metamorphasis
Definition
abrupt transition in form between the larval and juvenile stages
Term
semelparous
Definition
can reproduce only once
Term
iteroparous
Definition
can reproduce multiple times
Term
r-selection
Definition
selection for high population growth rates. advantageous to new populations in sparse conditions
Term
k-selection
Definition
selection for slower growth rates, an advantage in crowded situations
Term
low stress low disturbance
Definition
competitors are favoured
Term
high stress low disturbance
Definition
plants that have a high stress tolerance and are not wanted by herbivores
Term
low stress high disturbance
Definition
plants with short life spans and high growth rates are favoured
Term
high stress high disturbance
Definition
not suitable for plant growth
Term
lack clutch size
Definition
the amount of offspring an organism can successfully raise to maturity
Term
behavioural ecology
Definition
the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis of animal behaviour
Term
proximate causes
Definition
how an animal behaves
Term
ultimate causes
Definition
why the behaviour occurs
Term
optimal foraging theory
Definition
animals will maximize the amount of energy gained per unit of feeding time and minimize the risk involved
Term
marginal value theorem
Definition
an organism should stay at one plot until the rate of energy gain has declined to match the average rate for the whole habitat
Term
trade offs to foraging (3)
Definition
predators
environmental conditions
physiological conditions
Term
sexual selection
Definition
individuals with certain characteristics gain an advantage over others of the same sex solely with respect to mating success
Term
handicap hypothesis
Definition
a male that can support a costly ornament is likely to be a vigorous individuals whose overall genetic quality is high
Term
sexy son hypothesis
Definition
the female receives indirect genetic benefits from a male through her sons, who will themselves be attractive to females and produce more grandchildren
Term
mating systems
Definition
number of mating partners and patterns of parental care
Term
when does polygyny occur?
Definition
when females are in a clumped distribution
Term
group living benefits (3)
Definition
higher reproductive success
dispersal of responsibilities
increased protection
Term
group living disadvantages (2)
Definition
food depletion
disease
Term
when does optimal size of a group occur?
Definition
when net benefits to the members is maximized
Term
what can abundance be given as? (2)
Definition
size or density
Term
what can isolated patches be a result of? (2)
Definition
human activities or physical features of the environment
Term
clones can be formed by (3)
Definition
budding
apomixis
horizontal spread
Term
ramet
Definition
each individual within the genet if they are independent physiologically
Term
genet
Definition
the product of cloning
Term
what are distribution and abundance limited by? (3)
Definition
habitat sustainability
historical factors
dispersal
Term
disturbance
Definition
events that kill or damage an individual
Term
dispersal of a population depends on (4)
Definition
location of essential resources
competition
dispersal
behavioural interactions
Term
cooperative breeding
Definition
birds postpone breeding and instead help their parents raise ore offspring
Term
when is cooperative breeding advantageous?
Definition
when high quality territories are scarce
Term
what can population abundance and distribution be estimated with? (4)
Definition
area-based counts
distance methods
mark-recapture
niche modelling
Term
area based counts
Definition
individuals are counted using quadrants. best for immobile organisms
Term
distance methods
Definition
distances of individuals from a line or point are converted into estimate of abundance
Term
mark recapture
Definition
best for mobile organisms
Term
mark recapture equation
Definition
m/n = r/c
Term
relative population size
Definition
number of individuals in one time period or place relative to the number in another
Term
ecological niche
Definition
physical and biological conditions that a species needs to grow, reproduce and survive
Term
niche modelling
Definition
predicts a species distribution based on conditions at locations the species is known to occupy
Term
ecological footprint
Definition
total area of productive ecosystems required to support a population
Term
what data does ecological footprint use? (5)
Definition
agricultural productivity
production of goods
resource use
population size
pollution
Term
life table
Definition
a summary of how survival and reproductive rates vary with age
Term
survival rate (sx)
Definition
chance that an individual will survive to age x+1
Term
survivorship (lx)
Definition
proportion of individuals that will survive from birth to age x
Term
fecundity (fx)
Definition
average number of offspring a female will have at age x
Term
survivorship curve
Definition
plot of the number of individuals from a hypothetical cohert that will survive to reach different ages
Term
type 1
Definition
most individuals survive to old age
Term
type 2
Definition
the chance of surviving remains constant throughout entire lifetime
Term
type 3
Definition
high death rates for young, those that reach adulthood survive well
Term
age structure
Definition
the proportion of the population in each age class
Term
cohort
Definition
a group of individuals born during the same time period
Term
cohort life table
Definition
the fate of the cohort is followed from birth to death. used for immobile species
Term
static life table
Definition
where survival and fecundity of individuals of different ages are observed during a single time period
Term
geometric growth
Definition
if a population reproduces in synchrony at discrete time periods and growth rate does not change
Term
exponential growth
Definition
when individuals reproduce continuously and generations overlap
Term
logistic growth
Definition
population increases rapidly then stabilizes at the carrying capacity
Term
when is logistic growth similar to exponential growth?
Definition
when densities are low
Term
population dynamics
Definition
the ways in which populations change in abundance over time
Term
population size changes as a result of (4)
Definition
birth
death
immigration
emigration
Term
exponential growth
Definition
population increases by a constant proportion at each point in time
Term
when does exponential growth stop?
Definition
when density dependent factors regulate it
Term
logistic growth
Definition
any population that increases initially then levels off at the carrying capacity
Term
fluctuations in population could be due to (3) under 1
Definition
environmental factors such as
nutrient supplies
temperature
predator abundance
Term
population outbreak
Definition
when the number of individuals increases rapidly
Term
what are population cycles driven by? (3)
Definition
predator abundance
prey abundance
weather conditions
Term
delayed density dependence
Definition
delays in the effect that density has on population size
Term
factors that induce extinction in small populations (3)
Definition
fluctuations in growth rate
population size
chance events
Term
allee effects
Definition
at low densities, individuals have difficulty finding mates so growth rate decreases as as population density decreases
Term
metapopulation
Definition
a set of spacially isolated populations linked by dispersal of individuals or gametes
Term
rescue effect
Definition
high rates of immigration that protect a population from extinction
Term
bottom up control
Definition
increased nutrient inputs cause eutrophication and increased other organisms
Term
top down control
Definition
top predators control the abundance of populations
Term
eutrophication
Definition
a change in the natural status of an ecosystem from nutrient poor to nutrient rich, causing a disruption in the organisms
Term
population fluctuations
Definition
the most common pattern of population growth
Term
competition
Definition
an interaction between individuals in which each is harmed by their shared use of a limiting resource
Term
interspecific commpetition
Definition
competition between two different species
Term
intraspecific competition
Definition
competition between the same species
Term
resources are required for (3)
Definition
growth
survival
reproduction
Term
physical factors
Definition
are not resources.
they are needed for life, but cannot be fully consumed or competed for
Term
exploitation competition
Definition
species compete indirectly, individuals reduce the availability of a resource as they use it
Term
interference competition
Definition
species compete directly for access to a resource
Term
allelopathy
Definition
plants of one species release toxins that harm other species
Term
amensalism
Definition
individuals of one species are harmed while the other species is not affected
Term
competitive exclusion principle
Definition
two species that use a limiting resource in the same way cannot coexist
Term
resource partitioning
Definition
species using a limited resource in different ways
Term
the outcome of competition can be altered by (4)
Definition
evolution
environmental factors
species interactions
disturbance
Term
fugitive species
Definition
must disperse from one place to another as conditions change
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