Term
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Definition
| seasonally dry/moist and warm/cool |
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Term
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Definition
| moist, seasonally warm/cool or cool/cold on fertile soils or warm, seasonally wet/dry |
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Term
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Definition
| moist, seasonally warm/cool with fire |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| evergreen broad-leaved trees |
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Definition
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Term
| needle-leaved evergreen trees |
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Definition
| moist, seasonally warm/cool or cool/cold on infertile soils |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lower montaine zone, montaine zone, subalpine zone, alpine zone |
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Term
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Definition
| junction of river and ocean |
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Term
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Definition
salt marshes
mangrove forests
rocky intertidal zones
sandy shores
coral reefs
kelp beds
seagrass beds |
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Term
| how does the physical environment influence an organisms ecological success? |
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Definition
availability of energy and resources
extreme conditions |
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Term
| what factors reduce the amount of organisms? (2) |
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Definition
| competition and disturbance |
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Term
| what are the two options for coping with environmental change? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the interactions between organisms and the physical environment that influence their survival and persistace |
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Term
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Definition
| adjustment of physiology, morphology or behaviour to lessen the effects of stress of an environmental change. short term and reversible |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals with traits that enable them to cope with stress are favoured. these genetic traits become more common over time |
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Term
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Definition
| populations with adaptations to unique environments (can lead to speciation) |
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Term
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Definition
| regulate body temperature through energy exchange with the external environment |
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Term
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Definition
| rely primarily on internal heat generation |
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Term
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Definition
| the range of environmental temperatures over which a constant basal metabolic rate can be maintained |
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Term
| lower critical temperature |
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Definition
| when heat loss is greater than metabolic production; body temperature drops and metabolic heat generation increases |
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Term
|
Definition
| specialized guard cells surrounding leaf openings that control transpiration rates |
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Term
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Definition
| hairs on leafs surfaces that reflect solar energy |
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Term
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Definition
| related to the speed of air moving across the leaf surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| when little to no metabolic activity occurs |
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Term
|
Definition
| a zone of turbulent flow due to friction, next to the leaf surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| assimilate radiant energy from sunlight or from inorganic compounds |
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Term
|
Definition
| obtain their energy by consuming organic compounds from other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| have no photosynthetic pigments, but get energy from other plants |
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Term
|
Definition
| are photosynthetic but get their nutrients, water and some energy from a host plant |
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Term
|
Definition
| succulent, and open their stomates at night to reduce water loss |
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Term
|
Definition
| fats, carbs, protein, fiber, secondary compounds |
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Term
| who has a longer digestive system? |
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Definition
| herbivorous primates compared to omnivorous humans |
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Term
|
Definition
| genetic change over time or as a process of descent with modification |
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Term
| what causes allele frequencies to change over time? (3) |
|
Definition
natural selection
genetic drift
gene flow |
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Term
|
Definition
| individuals at one phenotypic extreme are favoured |
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Term
|
Definition
| individuals with an intermediate phenotype are favoured |
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Term
|
Definition
| individuals at both phenotypic extremes are favoured |
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Term
| what does natural selection have to overcome? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| large scale processes that determine patterns of evolution (3) |
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Definition
speciation
adaptive radiation
mass extinction |
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Term
|
Definition
| when body parts grow at different rates |
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Term
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Definition
| gametes are equal in size |
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Term
|
Definition
| gametes are different sizes |
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Term
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Definition
| the fertilized egg develops into a juvenile without passing through the larval stage |
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Term
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Definition
| have at least two stages with different body forms that live in different habitats |
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Term
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Definition
| abrupt transition in form between the larval and juvenile stages |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| can reproduce multiple times |
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Term
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Definition
| selection for high population growth rates. advantageous to new populations in sparse conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| selection for slower growth rates, an advantage in crowded situations |
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Term
| low stress low disturbance |
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Definition
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|
Term
| high stress low disturbance |
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Definition
| plants that have a high stress tolerance and are not wanted by herbivores |
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Term
| low stress high disturbance |
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Definition
| plants with short life spans and high growth rates are favoured |
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Term
| high stress high disturbance |
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Definition
| not suitable for plant growth |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of offspring an organism can successfully raise to maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis of animal behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| animals will maximize the amount of energy gained per unit of feeding time and minimize the risk involved |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism should stay at one plot until the rate of energy gain has declined to match the average rate for the whole habitat |
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Term
| trade offs to foraging (3) |
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Definition
predators
environmental conditions
physiological conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals with certain characteristics gain an advantage over others of the same sex solely with respect to mating success |
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Term
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Definition
| a male that can support a costly ornament is likely to be a vigorous individuals whose overall genetic quality is high |
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Term
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Definition
| the female receives indirect genetic benefits from a male through her sons, who will themselves be attractive to females and produce more grandchildren |
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Term
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Definition
| number of mating partners and patterns of parental care |
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Term
| when does polygyny occur? |
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Definition
| when females are in a clumped distribution |
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Term
| group living benefits (3) |
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Definition
higher reproductive success
dispersal of responsibilities
increased protection |
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Term
| group living disadvantages (2) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| when does optimal size of a group occur? |
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Definition
| when net benefits to the members is maximized |
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Term
| what can abundance be given as? (2) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what can isolated patches be a result of? (2) |
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Definition
| human activities or physical features of the environment |
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Term
| clones can be formed by (3) |
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Definition
budding
apomixis
horizontal spread |
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Term
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Definition
| each individual within the genet if they are independent physiologically |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| what are distribution and abundance limited by? (3) |
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Definition
habitat sustainability
historical factors
dispersal |
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Term
|
Definition
| events that kill or damage an individual |
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Term
| dispersal of a population depends on (4) |
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Definition
location of essential resources
competition
dispersal
behavioural interactions |
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Term
|
Definition
| birds postpone breeding and instead help their parents raise ore offspring |
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Term
| when is cooperative breeding advantageous? |
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Definition
| when high quality territories are scarce |
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Term
| what can population abundance and distribution be estimated with? (4) |
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Definition
area-based counts
distance methods
mark-recapture
niche modelling |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals are counted using quadrants. best for immobile organisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| distances of individuals from a line or point are converted into estimate of abundance |
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Term
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Definition
| best for mobile organisms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| number of individuals in one time period or place relative to the number in another |
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Term
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Definition
| physical and biological conditions that a species needs to grow, reproduce and survive |
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Term
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Definition
| predicts a species distribution based on conditions at locations the species is known to occupy |
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Term
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Definition
| total area of productive ecosystems required to support a population |
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Term
| what data does ecological footprint use? (5) |
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Definition
agricultural productivity
production of goods
resource use
population size
pollution |
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Term
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Definition
| a summary of how survival and reproductive rates vary with age |
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Term
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Definition
| chance that an individual will survive to age x+1 |
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Term
|
Definition
| proportion of individuals that will survive from birth to age x |
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Term
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Definition
| average number of offspring a female will have at age x |
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Term
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Definition
| plot of the number of individuals from a hypothetical cohert that will survive to reach different ages |
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Term
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Definition
| most individuals survive to old age |
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Term
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Definition
| the chance of surviving remains constant throughout entire lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| high death rates for young, those that reach adulthood survive well |
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Term
|
Definition
| the proportion of the population in each age class |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of individuals born during the same time period |
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Term
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Definition
| the fate of the cohort is followed from birth to death. used for immobile species |
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Term
|
Definition
| where survival and fecundity of individuals of different ages are observed during a single time period |
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Term
|
Definition
| if a population reproduces in synchrony at discrete time periods and growth rate does not change |
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Term
|
Definition
| when individuals reproduce continuously and generations overlap |
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Term
|
Definition
| population increases rapidly then stabilizes at the carrying capacity |
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|
Term
| when is logistic growth similar to exponential growth? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the ways in which populations change in abundance over time |
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Term
| population size changes as a result of (4) |
|
Definition
birth
death
immigration
emigration |
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Term
|
Definition
| population increases by a constant proportion at each point in time |
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|
Term
| when does exponential growth stop? |
|
Definition
| when density dependent factors regulate it |
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Term
|
Definition
| any population that increases initially then levels off at the carrying capacity |
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|
Term
| fluctuations in population could be due to (3) under 1 |
|
Definition
environmental factors such as
nutrient supplies
temperature
predator abundance |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the number of individuals increases rapidly |
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|
Term
| what are population cycles driven by? (3) |
|
Definition
predator abundance
prey abundance
weather conditions |
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Term
| delayed density dependence |
|
Definition
| delays in the effect that density has on population size |
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Term
| factors that induce extinction in small populations (3) |
|
Definition
fluctuations in growth rate
population size
chance events |
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Term
|
Definition
| at low densities, individuals have difficulty finding mates so growth rate decreases as as population density decreases |
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Term
|
Definition
| a set of spacially isolated populations linked by dispersal of individuals or gametes |
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Term
|
Definition
| high rates of immigration that protect a population from extinction |
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Term
|
Definition
| increased nutrient inputs cause eutrophication and increased other organisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| top predators control the abundance of populations |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in the natural status of an ecosystem from nutrient poor to nutrient rich, causing a disruption in the organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common pattern of population growth |
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Term
|
Definition
| an interaction between individuals in which each is harmed by their shared use of a limiting resource |
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Term
| interspecific commpetition |
|
Definition
| competition between two different species |
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Term
| intraspecific competition |
|
Definition
| competition between the same species |
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Term
| resources are required for (3) |
|
Definition
growth
survival
reproduction |
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Term
|
Definition
are not resources.
they are needed for life, but cannot be fully consumed or competed for |
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Term
|
Definition
| species compete indirectly, individuals reduce the availability of a resource as they use it |
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Term
|
Definition
| species compete directly for access to a resource |
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Term
|
Definition
| plants of one species release toxins that harm other species |
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Term
|
Definition
| individuals of one species are harmed while the other species is not affected |
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Term
| competitive exclusion principle |
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Definition
| two species that use a limiting resource in the same way cannot coexist |
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Term
|
Definition
| species using a limited resource in different ways |
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|
Term
| the outcome of competition can be altered by (4) |
|
Definition
evolution
environmental factors
species interactions
disturbance |
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Term
|
Definition
| must disperse from one place to another as conditions change |
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|
