Term
| A functional response in predatory-prey cycles is the relation between the density of |
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Definition
| prey and an individual predator's rate of food consumption |
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Term
| How does the removal of top predators affect mesopredator populations? |
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Definition
| the geographic range and abundance of mesopredators increases |
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Term
| Scientists believe that some species of eucalyptus in Australia promote frequent fires by means of flammable oils in their leaf litter. These fires kill completing plants. What type of competition does this example describe? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a plant is primarily limited by nitrogen and secondarily by phosphorus, according to Leibig's law of the minimum, under which circumstances would adding phosphorus increase the plant's growth rate? |
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Definition
| if the nitrogen is added to alleviate limitation before phosphorus is added |
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Term
| Hemlocks cast much deeper shade than birch trees. The tree that competes more successfully for light is |
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Definition
| the tree that can persist as saplings in deep shade in the forest understory. |
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Term
| When an individual drives down a resource to a point where another individual cannot persist, it is called |
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Definition
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Term
| The resource requirements of two plant species, A and B, have been carefully studied. Researchers have determined the levels of a particular resource that will support equilibrium levels of each species. Species A needs more of this resource to maintain equilibrium than does species B. When these two species are set in competition (under conditions in which this resource is limiting), what is likely to happen to the populations of species A and B? |
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Definition
| Species B will displace species A |
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Term
| When wolves and coyotes compete, reductions in numbers of coyotes are attributed to a virus the wolves carry that is more harmful in coyotes. This is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| In Lotka-Volterra competition models, what does the term α1,2 N2 represent? |
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Definition
| reduction of species 1's carrying capacity by individuals of species 2 |
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Term
| Carbon dioxide with radioactive carbon was bubbled into an illuminated aquarium containing unfiltered pond water. In what order will radioactivity appear in various organisms in the aquarium? |
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Definition
| producers, herbivores, carnivores |
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Term
| Which statement best reflects the relationship between a disturbance and an alternative stable state? |
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Definition
| A community will achieve an alternative stable state only after a major disturbance. |
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Term
| Which curve suggests that species richness is controlled by bottom-up factors? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is NOT an example of a trait-mediated indirect effect?
The presence of raptors causes squirrels to forage at night instead of during the day.
Greater numbers of aspen trees grow in areas where predation risk from wolves prevents elk from browsing.
Grasses increase because the presence of spiders has reduced grasshopper foraging.
Zooplankton abundance in a pond increases because piscivorous largemouth bass cause small fish (zooplanktivores) to take refuge in pond margins away from zooplankton. |
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Definition
| The presence of raptors causes squirrels to forage at night instead of during the day. |
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Term
Which would likely have very high resilience to disturbance?
soil microbes
redwood forest
desert vegetation
grassland |
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Definition
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Term
Keystone species
have the most biomass in a community.
are usually top predators.
can affect community structure despite low abundance.
are invasive predator species that eat native herbivores. |
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Definition
| can affect community structure despite low abundance |
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Term
| How do herbivores affect the outcome of succession in intertidal zones? |
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Definition
| They forage on particular types of algae, allowing others to dominate. |
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Term
| You observe three beech–maple forests in Indiana that began as ponds. How might you determine whether they all started succession with the same community composition? |
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Definition
| sample the soils at each site for pollen and carbon-date them to get an estimate of the species that appeared first at the site |
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Term
Experimental removal of a single species in a succession would
help determine whether that species facilitated the growth of a later-succession species.
usually have very little effect on succession.
can happen only in the intertidal zones.
always increase the energy available for climax species. |
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Definition
| help determine whether that species facilitated the growth of a later-succession species. |
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