Term
| What's an exotic species and what is an example? |
|
Definition
| Species that have been introduced to a new area. Zebra mussels is an example |
|
|
Term
| What's an endemic species and what's an example? |
|
Definition
| Species that are present only in one particular native habitat, often in one location. Galapagos Tortoise is an example. |
|
|
Term
| What is an endangered species? What are two examples? |
|
Definition
| Species known to be in a severe decline and facing a very high risk of going extinct in the wild. Tiger and organgutan are examples. |
|
|
Term
| What is a ubiquitous species? What's an example? |
|
Definition
| Found in a wide variety of ecosystems and habitats over a broad geographic area. Common House sparrow is an example |
|
|
Term
| How many named species are there excluding bacteria and archaea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five major categories of justifications for saving endangered species and preserving diversity |
|
Definition
Aesthetic Reasons
Ecological Reasons
Intellectual Reasons
Obligatory Reasons
Utilitarian Reasons |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of all drugs contain naturally derived plant chemicals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Conviction that all creatures have the right to exist and that humans should not cause the extinction of other living things.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hypothesis of species diversity allows for community resilience? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four major causes of extinction? |
|
Definition
Environmental Risk
Natural Catastrophes
Genetic Risk
Human Actions |
|
|
Term
| What is the HIPPO Concept? What does each letter stand for? |
|
Definition
Discusses 5 major factors of human impact on other species and our environment.
Habitat Loss
Introduced Species
Pollution
(Human) Population Growth
(Human) Overconsumption of Resources |
|
|
Term
| What is the HIPPO Concept? What does each letter stand for (List from most to least important)? |
|
Definition
Discusses 5 major factors of human impact on other species and our environment.
Habitat Loss
Introduced Species
Pollution
(Human) Population Growth
(Human) Overconsumption of Resources |
|
|
Term
| occurs when a species disappears from one part of its range or from one habitat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complete disapperance of a species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when many species more or less simultaneously go extinct. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many species go extinct each day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the estimate on the percentage of species that went extinct due to humans? |
|
Definition
| 75% of birds and mammals since 1600 were caused by human beings |
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between resilience and resistance? |
|
Definition
| Resilience refers to the ability to recover from a change. Resistance refers to the ability to prevent a change. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 13 common traits of endangered species? |
|
Definition
1) Small population size
2) K selected species
3) Short life span coupled with a prolonged disturbance
4) Large habitat requirements
5) Specialist species with narrow niches
6) Biomagnification
7) Trophic position and thermodynamics
8) Organisms that are potentially dangerous to humans, livestock, and pets.
9) Fixed migration patters and altered habitats
10) Organisms that have limited or specialized breeding areas and altered habitats
11) Small endemic range
12) Specific behavioral patterns that make the species vulnerable
13) Island Species
|
|
|
Term
introductions as pets or for economic benefits or visual pleasure that can have disastrous consequences.
|
|
Definition
| Intentional Introductions |
|
|
Term
| What are three examples of intentional introductions? |
|
Definition
| Purple loosestrife, cane toads, starlings |
|
|
Term
| examples include spread of human disease, pests, weeds, lampreys, and zebra mussels |
|
Definition
| Inadvertant Introductions |
|
|
Term
| How are exotic species different from endangered species? |
|
Definition
| Are small, short-lived, and have great dispersal ability. Are superior and don't bring predators with them and are typically r-selected |
|
|
Term
What are the 7 characteristics that some animals have that have successfully adapted to urban and
suburban habitats. |
|
Definition
1) r-selected
2) Habitat and diet generalists
3) Nocturnal
4) Cute and fed purposefully
5) No fear of humans
6) Can nest almost anywhere
7) Broad geographical distributions |
|
|
Term
| Describe Rabinowitz’s seven forms of rarity. |
|
Definition
Rabinowitz believed that species rarity could occur due to
1) Narrow habitat specifity or tolerance
2) Restricted geographic range
3) Low local population size
Could be one reason alone or a combination of reasons. (Sum of combinations yields 7 different forms of rarity) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the lognormal curve. |
|
Definition
| Bell shaped, plots number of species versus an x-axis that has a logarathmic scale. |
|
|
Term
| Describe what causes the logarithmic distribution. |
|
Definition
| Species counts (diversity) depends on sample size. In many cases, a few species may account for nearly all of the individuals , which many species are represented by one or a few individuals. |
|
|
Term
| What are accidental (nonresident) species? |
|
Definition
| Species that have wandered into the community, such as by winds from a storm. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the geometric model |
|
Definition
| Model where one species first colonizes a habitat and appropriates some proportion of the resources. Then the next species takes 50% of the remaining unutilized species. |
|
|
Term
| Model that fits communites where there is one environmental stressor that strongly determines survival. Ususally one dominant species prevents another from using a resource. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the broken stick model. |
|
Definition
| Habitats resources are divided randomly and more or less equitably among the species who are assumed to more or less simultaneously colonizing the habitat. |
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of communities that fit the broken stick model? |
|
Definition
| A few bird and fish communities |
|
|
Term
| Describe the lognormal model |
|
Definition
| Stick of resources is broken sequentially, not simultaneously. |
|
|
Term
| Which model of proportional abundance of organisms has the most support? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What overcomes veil of low sampling effort? |
|
Definition
| Increasing sampling effort to reveal rare species over time. |
|
|
Term
| What is the X and Y axis for a species area curve? |
|
Definition
X= Area
Y= Sepcies Richness |
|
|
Term
| What is the rule of thumb about island size and species richness. |
|
Definition
| A 10-fold decrease in island size cuts the number of species observed on the island by one-half. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four options for species conservation? |
|
Definition
Save a wild species in its natural habitat
Save a wild species in a managed habitat
Preserve members of a species in zoos or parks
Save genetic material only, for future research and crops. |
|
|
Term
| means using a species wisely in a fashion that sustains the natural communities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| means not using the species as a resource, but maintaining their natural population sizes and habitats. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| population suffecient enough to prevent chance mutations from harming the population through the fixation of harmful genes and danger of low genetic variability from inbreeding. |
|
Definition
| minimum effective population |
|
|
Term
| study of the spatial patterns and heterogeneity of patches on the landsacapte and how spatial patterns and the spatial scale affect ecological processes occuring within local communities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| exist as spatially heterogeneous mosaics composed of varius sized interacting patches. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| patchwork of different types and sizes of small habitats present. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| elements of a mosaic that compose or make up the landscape. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| defined as the zone of the two edges of adjacent patches; may be sharply defined or fuzzy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relatively narrow strips of environment that connect similar patches across the landscape. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| refers to the interconnected systems of corridors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| background habitat/vegetative cover type of the area. Often dominant cover type of the area with high connectivity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| breaking up of the landscape or ecosystem into smaller patches |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spatial or temporal dimension of the landscape |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| species won't be preserved well if they live on the edge of a habitat or in boundary areas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some manmade or factor event that alters the environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
hypothesis that states that in reality the landscape mosaic is a moving mosaic of various patches that are created at different times and by different processes and are in different successional stages.
|
|
Definition
| Shifting mosaic steady state hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 desirable attributes of an ecological preserve? |
|
Definition
1) Should be as large as possible
2) Should be circular to minimize circumference
3) Shaping of habitats to prevent fragmentation
4) Make sure patches are connected
5) Ensure global warming does changes does not affect species
6) Have a metapopulation (one large island with several small islands) |
|
|
Term
| What are two defintions of symbiosis? |
|
Definition
| Can mean any interaction between two species or mutualism in a narrow sense. |
|
|
Term
| any interaction between two or more species where a limiting resource causes a reduction in reproduction and survival for usually both competing species. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| competition between separate species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| competition within species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two different natures of competition? |
|
Definition
1) Scramble (exploitative or resource)
2) Contest (interference) |
|
|
Term
| no two species can coexist indefinitely on a limiting resource unless they use the resource in a different way |
|
Definition
| competitive exclusion principle |
|
|
Term
functional role in the community
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under what condition can two species coexist? |
|
Definition
| If intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition |
|
|
Term
| predation, parasitism, and grazing are collectively called what? |
|
Definition
| Consumer resource interactions |
|
|
Term
| organisms that consume part of another organism without killing it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eat whole plants or parts of plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| paralyzes its prey and lays eggs upon the victim |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of grazer that eats twigs and stems of woody plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animals that feed on fruits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animals that feed on nectar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| animals that feed on blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| animals that feed on milk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the parasitoid larvae itself is parasitized by larvae of another wasp species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| species that kill and eat both plant and aminal prey. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| animals that consume dead organic matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| animals that consume dead organic matter and reconvert nutrients back to forms useful for plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the 7 assumptions of the lotka-volterra competiton equations?
|
|
Definition
1) No age or genetic structure
2) No migration
3) No time lags that exist in the response of either population
4) Needed resources are in limited supply
5) Competition coefficient alpha and beta and carrying capacieis K1 and K2 are constants
6) Effect of density dependance is linear
7) Only two species competiting |
|
|
Term
| What do alpha and beta represent? |
|
Definition
| Intensity of the effect of a species upon the other species |
|
|
Term
| Look at figure 12 Pg 91 and 92 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| point at which two isoclines cross where growth of both species at one time t=0 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the point at which the isoclines cross can lead to small fluctuations over time that would allow one or the other species to eventually win and reach its carrying capacity, while the other goes extinct. |
|
Definition
| Unstable equilibrium point |
|
|
Term
| Why did Tilman criticize the use of the Lotka-volterra models? What did Tilman look at? |
|
Definition
because it did not study the mechanism under which competition occured. Looked at response of an organism to two resources.
|
|
|
Term
cannot be exchanged or substituted for each other.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| excess of one resource may be substituted for a lack of another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| group of organisms that uses the resources of a given habitat in a similar way. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| competition in areas of sympatry (overlap), causes you to see a divergence in the size, feeding ability, beak size, prey selction, or some other aspect of the organism's ability to use the resouce. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the organism in the absence of competition expands its fundamental niche or chages its niche. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| occurs due to competitive situations as defined and studied by Robert MacArthur |
|
Definition
| Niche (resource) partitioning |
|
|
Term
| entire niche requirements that a species could occupy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| portion actually occupied |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| agression that occurs between two species? Interference is an example |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect is through another species, scramble (exploitation) is an example |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of indirect effect where the largest organism indirectly aids the smallest by supporessing the population of the intermediate sized organism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| competition due to sharing of a common enemy between two prey. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where a predator affects the competition of several species by keeping competition and predation among the prey sepecies low, thus no competitive exclusion occurs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carnivores affect herbivores by keeping the herbivore numbers low, thus the next trophic level below the herbivores (the plants) benefit. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where another host provides an additional resource for some parasites that would normally go extinct in a region; thus the presence of another host species may adversely affect a native host, even though the two host species may not interact. |
|
Definition
| intermediate and alternative hosts |
|
|
Term
| Is a good strategy when the probability of success is low but the energy invested is also low. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| involves less search time, and you can go after larger prey, but you use up a lot of energy searching for prey |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where predators can blend into the background as part of the harmless environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| often used by poisionous aniamls that use striking colors to warn potential predators |
|
Definition
| Warning coloration (aposematic) |
|
|
Term
| confuse the predator and often scares them off |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cause the predator to be attracted to you and not your nest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
leaving after being capture by predators
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| not being captured in the first place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where palatable insects resemble distasteful insects which are avoided by predators |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What generally must be true for batesian mimicry? |
|
Definition
| Models generally must be more abundant than mimics |
|
|
Term
| In ______ mimicry, both species are poisionous and mimic each other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of mimicry is less common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of mimics are more closely related phylogenetically |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ predators can learn to avoid the model and its toxic mimics by eating one or the other species. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ mimicry occurs more quickly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does not depend on the density of the mimics being less than the desnisty of models |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypothesis that suggests that most populations purposefully regulate their consumption of resources and reproductive effort to ensure the survivorship of the species. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where individuals only act in their best interests |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| states then evolution occurs through the differential survival of competing alleles at a given gene locus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| selfless acts that benefit others, sometimes to the detriment of the individual committing the act. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| measure of the percentage of the genes two related individuals share |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| equation that describes the conditions under which an altruistic gene can be spread by kin selection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the equation for hamilton's rule? What does each variable represent? |
|
Definition
rB-C>0
r=index of reladtedness
B= number of offspring gained by all recipients
C= number of offspring lost by the donor
|
|
|
Term
| What do oscillations in the predator prey cycle show? |
|
Definition
| That predators can regulate prey and/or vice versa. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Charle's Elton's results with his hares and lynx experiment. |
|
Definition
| Lynx and snowshoe hares showed large, somewhat perioidc cycles in their numbers. Type of biome was important as well: shorter cycles in tundra and longer cycles in coniferous forest. |
|
|
Term
| What factors can lead to increased stability for predators and prey? |
|
Definition
Alternative prey
Prey can reach refugia
Density dependent limitations on predator or prey
Crowding effects
Increased efficiency by prey to escape or predator to capture |
|
|
Term
| Describe the results of Gause's experiment |
|
Definition
| Used paramecium as prey, didinium as predator. Didinium ate paramecium except when oat medium with asediment was added, allowing the paramaceium to use arefuge. |
|
|
Term
| What did Thomas Park's experiment show? |
|
Definition
| Used grain beetles (Tribolium) to show changing conditions favored or disfavored some beetles over the other. |
|
|
Term
| allow coexistence and stability of predators and prey, compared to a single large area where one population of predator and one population of prey are present. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Huffaker contribiute in his experiment with the two mite species? (Environmental Heterogeneity) |
|
Definition
| Noted that the more complex the environment, the more 'spaces' that the prey could hide, or the more refuges were available for some of the prey to stay alive. |
|
|
Term
| As prey increase in density, predators take more prey per individual predator in a linear basis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| linear increase in the number of prey eaten per predator until predators can eat no more (satiation point) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| predators become less and less efficient at taking prey as they become more and more abundant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| predators form search images of prey after consuming them. As prey become more abundant, the predator then starts to take more of that prey. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who defined the term functional response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who recognized the three different functional response curves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increase in predator numbers with the increase in prey densities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| live on host's body surfaces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| live inside host's body organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parasites that must finish their life cycle on their hosts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parasites that may also live as free-living predators |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can parasites reproduce sexually and asexually? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| host in which parasite reproduces sexually |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| host in which sexual reproduction of the parasite does not occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main differences between micro and macroparasites? |
|
Definition
Micro- short g time, Macro- long g time.
Micro- small and live intracellulary, Macro- large
Micro-tend to produce immunity in host, Macro- no immunity produced
Micro- spready by direct transmission, Macro- spread by direct and indirect |
|
|
Term
| What are three examples of microparasites? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria, viruses, protozoa |
|
|
Term
| What are four examples of macroparasites? |
|
Definition
| Worms, ticks, fleas, lice |
|
|
Term
| morphological responses of plants to a parasite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organisms that spread a parasite from one host to the next |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How could parasites affect mate selection? |
|
Definition
| Can reduce coloration or health of a male. Also could lead to sterility. |
|
|
Term
| species evolving at the same time in order to keep up with each other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| coevolutionary arms race between hosts and parasites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why would be being virulent be helpful for a parasite? |
|
Definition
| May allow it to reach host more quickly and could weaken host more and make it less likely to swat at it. |
|
|
Term
| Why is not advantegous to be virulent to your host? |
|
Definition
| If you kill your host, you might kill yourself |
|
|
Term
where one species is parasitcally dependant on a second sepcies due to the second's social organization or behavior
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where one species will lay their eggs into another female's nest of the same species but can raise her own broods |
|
Definition
| facultative brood parasitism |
|
|
Term
| where one species must lay its eggs into another species nest. |
|
Definition
| Obligate brood parasitism |
|
|
Term
| forcible theft of prey from another animal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| overwhelms predators by reproducing huge numbers of seeds all in one year |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemical defenses used against herbivores. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemical defenses that are instigated by herbivores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two views as to the evolution of plant secondary compounds? |
|
Definition
1) Plants benefit indirectly by inadvertant use of secondary compounds as a defense against predators and competitors
2) Compounds evolved directly as an adaptation against herbivores and plant competitors |
|
|
Term
| those interactions where each partner of the association provides a different limiting nutrient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where one partner provides protection or removes ectoparasites, and the other provides food. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where an animal disperses pollen or seeds of a plant or another animal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
where the two interacting species may live independently of each other
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the two interacting species must be together for one or both to exist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associations of blue green bacteria with fungi |
|
|
Term
| Describe the different looks and structure of animal and wind pollinated flowers |
|
Definition
Animal pollinated flowers tent to be large, showy, colorful, smelly, and full of nectar.Plant can be large or small
Wind pollinated flowers tend to be small, inconspicuous, green or brown. Plant tends to be large |
|
|
Term
| Describe the difference in pollen and sexual structures in wind and animal pollinated flowers. |
|
Definition
Wind pollinated flowers have no nectar and are often of one sex.
Animal pollinated flowers are of two sexes, (complete) and have little pollen compared to wind pollinated flowers. |
|
|
Term
| occurs when one species benefits from the associatin and the other (a host) is neither harmed nor benefitted by the presence of the commensal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animals that live on the surface of other animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plants that live on the surface of other plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transport of one animal by another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the primary decomposers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a type of detritivore that will eat dead animals only if they come across them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| often larvae that feen on animal dung as they develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| detritus that passes through a .5 micron filter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organic matter that cannot pass through a .5 micron filter due to larger size. |
|
Definition
| Particulate organic matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| collect POM with nets or some other device |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| shred up larger bits of detritus, thus producing smaller bits of food for filtering organisms downstream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| piercers and engulfers are examples of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| life history patterns are typically a tradeoff between ______ and _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 main types of tradeoffs? |
|
Definition
Adult maintenance and energy for growth and reproduction
Number of offspring and adult survival after reproduction
Adult size and reproduction
Parental care and gamete care
Number of eggs and egg size |
|
|
Term
| where individuals have many small offspring at one time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where individuals have many small offspring repeatedly over time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much greater was the metabolic rate of organisms that were guarding organisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
maturity as it relates to r and k selection
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of young as it relates to r and k selection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| size of young as it relates to r and k selection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| length of life as it relates to r and k selection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| annual is to ____ as perennial is to ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| amount of parental care as it relates to r and k selection |
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Definition
r= less parental care
k= lots of parental care |
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Term
| competitive ability as it relates to r and k selection |
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Definition
r=less
k=better competitors |
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Term
| dispersal ability as it relates to r and k selection |
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Definition
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Term
| surviorship type as it relates to r and k selection |
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Definition
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Term
| climate as it relates to r and k selection |
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Definition
r= uncertain, variable
k= more certain
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Term
| mortality as it relates to r and k selection |
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Definition
r= density independent
k= density dependent |
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Term
| population size as it relates to r and k selection |
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Definition
r= variable
k=more constant |
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Term
| competition as it relates to r and k selection |
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Definition
r= less keen, more pronounced
k= keen |
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Term
| made an estimate of the value of the world's ecosystems-the value of everything |
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Definition
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Term
| human obligation assist the continued existence of species and to conserve biological diversity |
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Definition
| UN General Assembly World Charter for Nature (1982) and the US Endangered Species Act |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| from willow bark extracts |
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Definition
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Term
| powerful anti-cancer chemical from the pacific yew tree |
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Definition
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Term
who described the rivet hypothesis of species diversity
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Definition
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Term
| came up with the redundancy hypothesis of species diversity |
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Definition
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Term
| championed HIPPO concept and how it can impact biodiversity |
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Definition
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Term
| who described the logarithmic distribution |
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Definition
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Term
| described a general pattern of species abundances in which they were seven different ways that species could be rare and one way they could be common |
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Definition
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Term
| introduced the broken stick model |
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Definition
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Term
| How much is the annualy illegaly traded wildlife products worth as estimated by the european agency interpol? |
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Definition
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Term
| examined impact of competition by working with paramecium |
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Definition
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Term
| demonstrated competitive exclusion with grain beetles |
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Definition
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Term
| looked at response of an organism to two resources and criticized lotka and volterra. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| defined fundamental niche and realized niche |
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Definition
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Term
| conducted competition studies on barnacles |
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Definition
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Term
| Studied niche partitioning by looking at warblers |
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Definition
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Term
| Character Displacement was expanded upon by |
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Definition
| David Lack, then later Peter and Rosemary Grant |
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Term
| defined diffuse competition |
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Definition
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Term
| studied harvester ants as an example of diffusion |
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Definition
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Term
| Described apparent competition |
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Definition
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Term
| Studied indirect effect caused by keystone predation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| described batesian mimicry |
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Definition
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Term
| Described Mullerian Mimicry |
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Definition
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Term
| summarized the concept of self regulation and group selection |
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Definition
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Term
| described individual selection |
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Definition
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Term
| developed concept of index of relatedness |
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Definition
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Term
| coined term gene centered theory |
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Definition
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Term
| coined term inclusive fitness |
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Definition
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Term
| a gathering of males all displaying to females |
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Definition
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Term
| described predator prey cycles |
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Definition
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Term
| Studied environmental heterogeneity |
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Definition
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Term
| defined the term functional response |
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Definition
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Term
| Came up with the surviorship curves |
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Definition
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Term
| Examined behavioral changes in the host |
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Definition
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Term
| produced a deterministic model on the ecological ipact of parasitism |
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Definition
| Robert Anderson and Robert May |
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Term
| r vs k equilirbium was examined by |
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Definition
| Robert MacArthur and Edward Wilson |
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Term
| Who defined the numerical response? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Who defined trophic cascade? |
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Definition
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Term
| Makes it illegal to sell, buy, or even own any product made from endangered species |
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Definition
| 1073 Endangered Species Act |
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Term
Distribution that describes where a community is dominated by many rare species
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Definition
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Term
| Differentiate between conservation and preservation |
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Definition
Conservation harvests organisms and uses them as a resource. Preservation means not using the species as a resource, but maintaining their natural population sizes and habitats.
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Term
| What are the four main factors in landscape ecology? |
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Definition
| diversity, boundaries, sizes, relative positions and shapes |
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Term
| refers to changes to the composition, structure, and function of patches through time in response to succession and disturbance |
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Definition
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Term
| spatial continuity of a given habitat across the landscape |
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Definition
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Term
| breaking up of landscape into smaller pathces from actions of disturbance |
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Definition
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Term
| preserve structure that allows for some evolutionary processes to occur |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the 2 outcomes of landscape heterogeneity and disturbances |
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Definition
Greater heterogeneity= retards spread of disturbance
Greater heterogeneity=increase spread of disturbance if disturbance relies on edge effects |
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Term
| If the species in question has summer and winter ranges, you must ________ ______ _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| defined the term competitive exclusion principle |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe alpha and beta if two species use their resources very similarly |
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Definition
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Term
| If species are dissimilar in their uses, then what is alpha and beta about equal to? |
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Definition
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Term
described essential and substitutable resources
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Definition
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Term
| Character _______ occurs when competitors exist and Character ______ occurs when competitors do not exist |
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Definition
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Term
| when species are together on the same island they are said to be _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| when two species are not together on the same island they are said to be ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| combined effects of many species upon one species |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ butterfly is edible for birds, _____ butterfly is not edible for birds |
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Definition
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Term
| strategy where an individual increases the reproductive success of its relatives even at a cost to the individuals own survival and reproduction |
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Definition
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Term
| In the absence of a numerical response, type _ predators could control the prey's population sizes within a certain ranges |
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Definition
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Term
| synonym for facultative mutualism |
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Definition
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