1) Higher fitness due to attracing more females

2) Protecting a valuable foraging area from others

Costs of defending

If Prey moves unpredictably

Most animals are NOT territorial.

Most birds are territorial.

Sea gulls and seagull nests

Apple orchards made by humans

Creosote bushes spaced due to water competition

Variance (S^2) divided by Mean (X bar)

Huddling due to cold

Response to presence of predators

Mating patterns

Seasonal Changes

Zebra mussels

Island colonization of African killer bee into South America

1) Kin selection

2) Protection against predators

3) Facilitation of Finding Food

4) Overwhelming predators

1) Food limitations

2) Reduce competition with others

3) Reduce Competition with kin

4) Reduced competition for mates

5) Avoidance of inbreeding

6) Fugitive species need to disperse

Multiple return

One return only

One way only

Diurnal and tidal

Seasonal

Long Distance

1) Local subpopulations are at K or extinct, thus only extinction or colonization via dispersal occurs.

2) Only one sub pop found in each patch, homogenous

3) Spatial arrangement of patches does not matter

4) Total pop size does not matter

5) Subpops are independent with respect to extinction

6) No time lags

7) Constant m and e

8) Large number of patches

Deterministic model where there are extinctions of local populations, but the entire metapoulation does not go extinct because of the migration of individuals from one patch to another.

1) Large fraction of pop can be collected

2) All individuals of pop have equal probabilty of capture

3) No change in N between two times

4) No change in habitat

5) Rates of survival not affected by marking

6) Marks are not lost or overlooked

7) Marked individuals given enough time to disperse randomly

1) Approriate size

2) Randomly chosen

3) Enough quadrats

4) Randomly distributed organisms

5) Only one type of habitat examined

6) All sampling is done at about the same time

1) Microhabitat movement

2) Disperal barriers

3) Behavioral interactions and presence of conspecifics

4) Interactions with other species

5) Physical/chemical cues

6) Maximize fitness

1) Individuals are ideal(have complete knowledge)

2) Freedom of choice

3) Equal fitness

4) Picks patch to maximize fitness

5) No territoriality or aggression

6) Patch quality declines with increasing density

Number of individuals per patch is proportional to fraction of resources in patch.

Intake of resources per individual is equal across all patches

Which equations are shorter for population growth, exponential or logarithmic

The exponential and logarithmic population models are _______

Density ________ factors may influence the exponential growth rate of a population, but they do not regulate its size.

Independent

Density dependent-long term

Density independent- short term

LDC >1%

MDC<1%

Rats- .015

Paramecica=1.0

Bacteria= 60

Insects= 0.001-.1

MDCs= 2.1

LDCs= 2.5

Prereproductive (0-14), Reproductive (15-44), Post Reproductive (45-85+)

Describe a population pyramid for a country experiencing ZPG.

R₀>1 pop increase

R₀=remains constant

R₀<1= pop decline

>1%= Rapidly expanding

0<1%= Stable growth

<0= Declining growth

Ratio of dependent age people (0-15 and 65+) to working age people (15-65)

1: High birth and death rates

2: Lower death rates but birth rates stay high

3: Low birth and death rates

4: Post Industrial Stage (Birth rates decline further, population declines towards a more manageable size) 

1) Increase in food

2) Better food distribution

3) Better nutrition

4) Reduction of Diseases

5) Improved personal hygeine

6) Improved sanitation and water supplies

7) Improvements in medical and public health technology

What is the approximate carrying capacity size? How can we adapt to expand this?

1) Stop/slow down ecological succession on farm fields and park areas

2) Monoculture

3) Uniform dispersion

4) Food chains are simpler and shorter

5) Plowing is unlike any natural disturbance of the soil

6) Inorganic fertilizers to supply high yields

7) Sped up pest species evolution

1) Weathering of bedrock

2) Soil blown in from other areas

3) Soil brought in by rivers

4) Soil bought in by glaciers

Contour plowing

No till or low till agriculture

Strip farming and terracing

Crop rotation and polyculture

Green Manure

Cultivated

Have been bred for specific traits

May not be able to survive in the wild

Have little genetic diversity

Do not look like ancestral wild plants

Depend on lots of water and fertilizers

Eating lower on the food chain

Improved irrigation

Increasing amount of land used for agriculture

Genetic engineering, seed banks, and increased shelf life

Sequentially or simultaneously growing several crops on the same land

Grow more crops locally

culturing freshwater fish and animals and plants

located over the world, holding seeds and genetic materials for our crops. Prevents loss of most ancestral species of domesticated crops.

Narrow spectrum of organisms harmed by the chemical

High rate of effectiveness

Be cost effective

Possess a short life span due to being easily degradable into harmless byproducts

Does not concentrate in other organisms by the process of bioaccumulation and biomagnification

short lived class of pesticides. Only present in the environment for a week or two.

Saved lives by killing disease vectors

Increase food supplies and profits

Work faster than other alternatives

Research is being done on how to improve them

Nontarget toxicity

Can bioaccumulate and biomagnify

Evolved immunity

Secondary pest outbreaks

Can kill organisms far from site of application

Natural selection of resistant strains

1) Stable chemically

2) Not easily broken down

3) Fat soluble or sequesterable

4) Not easily excreted

5) Able to pass up through the food chain

Crop rotation

Allow land to go fallow periodically

Contour farming to reduce erosion

Preserving fence rows and maintaining wind breaks

No-till farming

Biological controls

Prudent and minimals use of fertilizers and pesticides when needed

1) species specific

2) little chance to cause genetic resistance

3) Effective in trace amounts

4) Harmless to nontarget species

Retard soil loss and erosion

Stabilize water supply and runoff, preventing flooding

Moderate local climates

Recycle many nutrients and can be an important CO2 sink

Home to 50-90% of species on planet

Provide valuable commodoties to local communities

Provide and recycle oxygen to the atmosphere

1) No noticeable imprint of humans or work

2) Opportunities for solitude and primitive free ranging recreation

3) Be at least 5000 acres in size

Commerical forestry

Clearing for agricultural use

Fuelwood

Extracting other resources (dams and reservoirs)

Generating energy (mining)

Pollution and disease

Global warming

caused by the fact that the number of individuals entering the reproductive years is increasing

What is the O horizon like in temperate forests vs deserts?

Only about ___ % of the pesticide actually reaches the insect pests. The other ____ % goes into the soils and water runoff.

Climate

Underlying bedrock

Overlying vegetation

Topography

Time since bedrock was exposed at surface