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| Zoologist who defined Ecology |
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| Geography and climate effect the distribution of plants. |
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| Structure of Plants determine how the plants respond to the environment. |
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| "Plantesamfund." Show relationships between where plants reside and their environments. Why plants don't occur randomly. |
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| Geologist. Studied formations of landscapes on the planet. Noted that the land forms we see must have taken lots of time to form. |
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| Botanist. Responsible for Darwin getting on the HMS Beagle. |
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| Zoologist. Communities of animals dont occur randomly. Based on plant life. |
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| Zoologist. Looked at population levels of animals. Looked at transformation of energy through food chain/ food webs. |
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| Studied changes in population levels in animals. Availability of food is the most important aspect. |
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| Animal Ecologist. 4 year cycles/ oscillations. Contributed to scientific method. |
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| Community Ecologist. Studied what drives communities. |
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| Community Ecologist. Looked at predator prey reactions. How predation can effect populations. Organisms don't live in a vacuum. Not as simple as just food. |
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| Mathematician Biologist. Statistical and Empirical methods of measuring populations. |
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Populations on oceanic islands can be predictable.
Latitudinal gradient as to where species occur (ranges) and abiotic factors.
Species diversity is always greatest at tropics.
Wrote the Energy-Stability-Area Theory and Island Biogeography Theory. |
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| Behaviorist. Showed people her experiments through TV. |
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| Founder of wildlife management. Gave us an ethic to what the environment needs. |
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| Eisner et al. Science 1995 |
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| 4 Strong reasons for traditional focus on species. 1. More objective than ecosystems. 2. "Stress" to ecosystem is revealed in species investigation. 3.Species are the source of new medicine for people. 4. Individual species provide pivotal roles in "services" done by ecosystems. |
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| Showed support for subspecies through genetic info. Looked for genotype to support phenotype. |
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| Looked at speciation in Owls. Bard and Spotted owl story. |
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| Hybrids are generally selected against under normal conditions. Hybridization is going to accelerate due to increased changes in landscape. |
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Sailed around the world on the HMS Beagle between 1831-1836. Started collecting info on distribution of animals. Asked why.
24th Nov. 1859- Biology came of age with "The Origin of Species." |
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Studies Mauritius Kestrel.
Current phenotypes do not imply past phenotypes. |
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| Studied field crickets. Mutation occured making crickets that could not chirp. (Know Story) |
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| "The Selfish Gene." DNA uses us to extend its lineage. |
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| Selection for Altruism. If its adaptive we should be able to prove it mathmatically. |
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| Came up with the theory of Punctuated Equilibrium. Rare large events that drastically influence evolution. |
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| Plant Biologists/Botanists |
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Definition
Wildenow
von Humbolt
Warming |
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Definition
Haeckel
Adams
Elton
Lack
MacArthur |
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Chitty - Animal Ecologist
Wiens - Community Ecologist
Errington - Community Ecologist |
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| Grenier at al. Science 317 |
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| Mustela nigripes (black-footed ferrets) - The earlier the species can start breeding the better. |
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"Life History Correlates and TAxonomic Diversity"
MacArthur, Patterns and Extreme domination of a phyla by one taxon or a few taxa. |
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| Sexual Selection in Plants? |
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| Wrote "Wild Life 10 Year Cycles" |
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| One of the first scientists to look at 10 year cycles in a multifaceted way. (Different from Keith) |
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| The first scientist to speculate that changes in the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could substantially alter the surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. CO2 correlated with temp. changes. However correlation does not equal causation! |
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| There might be an optimal body size per taxa. Large organisms require more energy and nutrients than small organisms, but larger organisms require fewer resources per gram. |
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| Marked loss in biodiversity from overgrazing by sheep, due to its effects on the habitat of voles, which decreases the amount of food that harriers have. |
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| Perigrine falcons had a direct effect on heterotrophs, when reintroduced to an island. Note: If you take out a top level carnivore biodiversity goes down. Reintroducing brought it back up. |
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| Bluegills- When placed in an environment with a lot of different varieties of prey the bluegill was able to be picky. Picked out the best prey for the best returns. |
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| Studied Ovenbirds. Similar to Bluegill study. Ovenbirds went after whatever choice was most profitable. When able to be choosy go after the big ones, when hungry go after what was closest. |
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| Predicted that in a rich habitat chickadees should give up sooner than in a poor habitat. In rich can find another patch readily, not so in poor environment. |
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| Studied Rams. Even when higher density of food was placed in a more high risk area, they chose to go for the safer food, even though there was less of it. |
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| Critic of foraging theory saying it's nothing but controversial. |
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| #1 study on Lions. Operate in a community social system. Leader and Laggard story. |
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| Allospecific interactions (Predator - Prey) Wolf + Deer |
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| Studied territory holding in Butterflys. |
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| Exclusion Principle - No 2 species can occupy the same space at the same time. |
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Fundamental + realized niches
Competition explains distribution in space. |
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| Studied interference competition. Noted that Abundance + distribution levels are influenced by other species. |
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| Wrote "Silent Spring" about the negative effects of contaminants/insecticides in food chains. |
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Investigated egg shell thickness before and after DDT era.
Studied pesticide residues in peregrine eggs; helps reveal biomagnification. |
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| wrote "Structure + dynamics of geographical ranges." |
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Investigated productivity in ecosystems as related to species diversity
Productivity increases as Species richness increases |
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| MacArthur + Wilson + Simberloff |
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| Island Biogeography Theory |
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| Tested Island Biogeography Theory |
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