Term
|
Definition
•Temp
•Light
•Water
•Wind
•Nutrients |
|
|
Term
Factors
influencing pop
structure &
process: |
|
Definition
•Extinction
•Distribution
•Growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The study of the
exchanges of materials,
energy or organisms
among ecosystems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dominated by black spruce; cold climate;
moist soils) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(small plants & no trees, poorly developed
soils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hot, low soil moisture, sandy soils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wet, warm; very biologically diverse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is defined as the average weather
pattern over a long period of time at a particular
location, normally in terms of temperature and
precipitation.
Toronto’s climate: cold winters, warm summers,
approx. 900 mm of precipitation per year. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is defined as the meteorological
conditions at a point in time (weather forecast for
today is cloudy, warm, windy, with 30% chance
of precipitation, etc) |
|
|
Term
What affects distribution of
climate around the earth? |
|
Definition
Spherical shape of the earth and tilt of earth’s
axis cause uneven heating of earth’s surface.
Uneven heating drives major global air
circulation patterns and consequently
precipitation and biome distribution patterns. |
|
|
Term
| Tropical Hadley Cell in northern hemisphere |
|
Definition
Circulation pattern in cell caused by:
• Warm, moist air rises.
• Moisture cools, condenses, and falls as
rain.
• Some of the dry ascending air travels
northward. Then cooler, dry air falls back to surface.
Once air has been set in motion, it undergoes an
apparent deflection from its path, as seen by an
observer on the earth. This apparent deflection
is called the "Coriolis force" and is a result of the earth's rotation or daily spin.--deflected to the right in northern hemisphere and left in southern |
|
|
Term
| Major water (moisture) pools |
|
Definition
– Clouds/atmospheric moisture
– Rivers, streams, glaciers
– Groundwater
– Oceans |
|
|
Term
| Controls of aquatic organism distributions |
|
Definition
temperature
- salinity
- physical conditions (light, current)
- water chemistry (nutrients, acidity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an
early hypothesis used to explain
how species arose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cannot be
tested (based on faith, not
observation) and therefore
outside the realm of science |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inheritance of
acquired characteristics of
individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
characteristics
pass from parent to offspring in the
form of discrete packages (genes).
Genes come in alternative forms
= alleles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
characteristics
pass from parent to offspring in the
form of discrete packages (genes).
Genes come in alternative forms
= alleles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genes (DNA) of an
organism for a particular trait or traits,
which may or may not be expressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
visible
expression of a genotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Variation exists in populations
•Some variation has a genetic basis
& is therefore inheritable
•Variation can be neutral, beneficial
or detrimental
•All genetic variation arises by
chance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All species have the capacity to
produce more offspring than can
survive to reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
There is competition among
individuals in a population for the
limited resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Some individuals will be successful at
obtaining enough resources and
surviving to reproduction & producing
offspring. Others will not. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Natural selection on phenotypes
results in changes in allele
frequency from generation to
generation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
As the environment changes,
organisms over time adapt to local
environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•The origin of species
•Speciation can be an outcome of
evolution – when a population
changes sufficiently over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mechanism of evolution due to random changes in the allelic frequencies of a
population |
|
|
Term
| What limits population growth |
|
Definition
Density – dependent factors:
•Disease
•Predation
•Competition
•Behavioral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – relative abundance in a community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Index of species diversity
•Takes into account both richness &
evenness |
|
|
Term
| Limits to population growth Density – dependent factors: |
|
Definition
•Disease
•Predation
•Competition
•Behavioral |
|
|
Term
| limits to population growth, Independent Factors |
|
Definition
•Floods
•Extreme temperatures |
|
|
Term
| Intraspecific competition |
|
Definition
competition –
compete with members of own
species (conspecifics) |
|
|
Term
| Interspecific competition |
|
Definition
| compete with other species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
direct aggressive interaction
between individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
access
to resources without direct
aggressive interactions (e.g.,
some forms of territoriality) |
|
|
Term
| Competitive Exclusion Principle |
|
Definition
States that no two species with
identical ecologies can coexist
Or
• Two species with similar needs
for the same limiting resource
cannot coexist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
physical
conditions under which a species
might live in the absence of
interactions of other species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
interactions that may restrict the
environments in which a species
lives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tendency for characteristics of
two species to be more different in
an area of sympatry than when they
are allopatric
Sympatry - in the same place
• Allopatry - in different regions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occurs when one organism which is
harmless (the mimic which does not
taste disgusting or sting) looks like one
that is harmful (the model). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occurs when
several nasty
tasting or
stinging
organisms
evolve to look
like one
another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
close interactions
between species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one species
benefits the other neither
benefits or harmed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
can live without
partnership |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Obligate – cannot live in
absence of partnership |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primary production: Fixation of
energy by autotrophs in an
ecosystem |
|
|
Term
Organisms and Landscape
Structure |
|
Definition
African elephants knock down tress
– Change woodland to grassland
Kangaroo Rats dig burrow systems
that modify soil structure and plant
distributions |
|
|
