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Ecology exam 2
Ecology exam 2
77
Science
Undergraduate 2
03/20/2010

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Term
There are which changes in consumer groups along the river continuum?
Definition
– Stream order
– Stream width
– Stream depth
Term
Headwater streams are dependent on terrestrial input of detritus and support shredders and collectors is a example of...
Definition
Stream order
Term
As stream size increases, the input of organic matter shifts to primary production within the stream and collectors and grazers are dominant is called...
Definition
Stream Width
Term
As the stream grows into a river, a phytoplankton
community may develop and consumers are
mostly bottom-dwelling collectors it grows in...
Definition
depth
Term
Why is productivity in estuaries seldom nutrient limited?
Definition
Estuaries are semi-enclosed parts of the coastal ocean where freshwater joins saltwater
Term
bottom
Definition
Benthic zone
Term
Pelagic zone: Horizontal zones
water that overlies the continental shelf
Definition
Neritic province
Term
Pelagic zone: Horizontal zones
water that overlies the abyssal plane
Definition
Oceanic province
Term
Pelagic zone: Vertical zones
surface to 200 m, experiences sharp gradients in illumination, temperature, and salinity
Definition
Epipelagic or photic zone
Term
Pelagic zone: Vertical zones
200 to 1000 m, little light penetrates and a more even temperature gradient
Definition
Mesopelagic zone
Term
Pelagic zone: Vertical zones
where darkness is virtually complete (except for bioluminescence), water pressure is great, and temperature is low
Definition
Bathypelagic zone
Term
Pelagic zone: Vertical zones
extends from 4000 m to the sea floor
Definition
Abyssopelagic zone
Term
Pelagic zone: Vertical zones
includes areas found in deepsea trenches and canyons
Definition
Hadalpelagic zone
Term
primary producers
Definition
phytoplankton
Term
tiny animals found in all ocean zones, particularly the pelagic and littoral zones in the ocean, but also in ponds, lakes, and rivers. They are a key component of marine ecosystems.
Definition
zooplankton
Term
organisms that can swim freely and are generally independent of currents
Definition
nekton
Term
Do other factors also limit marine phytoplankton productivity?
Definition
Yes, like light and nutreints
Term
Invertebrate feeding groups
Definition
– Shredders
– Filtering or gathering collectors
– Grazers
– Gougers
Term
feed on the bacteria and fungi growing on coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) and break down the material in the process
Definition
Shredders
Term
Filtering or gathering collectors
Definition
feed on fine particulate organic matter (FPOM)
Term
feed on the algal coating of substrates
Definition
Grazers
Term
Gougers
Definition
burrow into waterlogged limbs and trunks of fallen trees
Term
the interaction between
photosynthetic and heterotrophic bacteria and nanoflagellates
Definition
is the microbial loop
Term
Where do deep-sea hydrothermal
vents occur?
Definition
along volcanic ridges in the ocean
floor
Term
how do they form?
Definition
when cold seawater flows down through cracks in the basaltic lava floor and the waters react with the hot basalt → water becomes enriched with minerals (e.g., copper, iron, sulfur, zinc)
Term
White smokers
Definition
zinc sulfides
Term
Black smokers
Definition
copper sulfides
Term
the Primary producers in the benthos use...
Definition
chemosynthetic bacteria
Term
What are the 3 types of coral reefs?
Definition
-Fringing reefs
-Barrier reefs
-Atolls
Term
grow seaward from the rocky shores
of islands and continents
Definition
Fringing reefs
Term
parallel shorelines of continents and
islands and are separated from land by shallow lagoons
Definition
Barrier reefs
Term
are rings of coral reefs and islands surrounding a lagoon, formed when a volcanic mountain subsides beneath the surface
Definition
Atolls
Term
are rings of coral reefs and islands surrounding a lagoon, formed when a volcanic mountain subsides beneath the surface
Definition
Atolls
Term
Coastal regions exhibit the ______________ productivity
Definition
highest
Term
Open waters are ______________ in productivity and
phytoplankton growth is controlled by the cycling of nutrients in the photic zone
Definition
low
Term
Arctic oceans have a low productivity because of...
Definition
of light limitations
Term
Antarctic waters have high productivity because...
Definition
of the continuous upwelling of nutrient-rich water around the continent
Term
Rocky shores have three basic zones...
Definition
– Supralittoral or supratidal (spray) zone
– Littoral or intertidal zone
– Infralittoral zone (Subtidal zone)
Term
Gradual transition from lichens and land plants to
marine life dependent at least partly on tidal waters
Definition
Supralittoral or supertidal zone
Term
– Covered and uncovered daily by the tides
– Barnacles are most abundant in the upper reaches
– Oysters, blue mussels, and limpets are in the middle and lower portions of the littoral zone
– Brown algae (rockweeds) occupy the lower half of the littoral zone
Definition
Littoral or intertidal zone
Term
– The lowest part of the littoral zone
– Uncovered only at the spring tides and is exposed for short periods of time
– Consists of forests of large brown alga (Laminaria)
Definition
Infralittoral fringe
Term
Waves
Definition
Pro's
– Provide a consistent supply of nutrients
– Carry away organic material
– Move seaweed fronds
Con's
– Dislodge plants and invertebrates to provide areas for
colonization → reduce strong interspecific competition
– Reduce activity of predators
Term
most life is forced to live beneath the
substrate in sandy and muddy beaches
Definition
Term
Epifauna
Definition
organisms that live on the sediment
surface
Term
Infauna
Definition
organisms that live in the sediments
(within tubes or burrows)
Term
Meiofauna
Definition
organisms that live between sand and
mud particles
Term
– Seaward edge: tall, deep green cordgrass that has a high tolerance for salinity
– High marsh: stands at the level of mean high water and supports cordgrass (a shorter, yellow form), glasswort, sea lavender, and so forth
Definition
Zones of distinctive vegetation in salt marshes
Term
Prop roots and pneumatophores slow tidal waters, which allows sediments to deposit
Definition
Mangroves
*Prop roots support
*Pneumatophores take in oxygen
Term
Where are wetlands formed?
Definition
– Basin wetlands
– Riverine wetlands
– Fringe wetlands
Term
develop in shallow basins, from
upland depressions to filled-in lakes and ponds–water flow is vertical
Definition
Basin Wetlands
Term
develop along shallow and periodically flooded banks of rivers–water flow is unidirectional
Definition
Riverine wetlands
Term
occur along the coasts of large lakes–water flow is in two directions
Definition
Fringe wetlands
Term
Marshes are
Definition
those wetlands dominated by
emergent herbaceous vegetation
Term
Swamps are
Definition
forested wetlands
Term
riparian woodlands are
Definition
occasionally or seasonally flooded by river waters
Term
mires are
Definition
wetlands characterized
by an accumulation of organic matter
Term
are peat-forming wetlands that receive nutrients from sources other than precipitation: usually from upslope sources through drainage from surrounding mineral soils and from groundwater movement.
Definition
Fens
Term
are characterized by spongy peat deposits, acidic waters, and a floor covered by a thick carpet of sphagnum moss
Definition
bogs
Term
Hydroperiod involves
Definition
duration, frequency, depth, and season of flooding
Term
What are the 3 types of hydroperiods
Definition
-Deep basins (potholes)
-If the wetland goes dry annually or during a period of drought, tall or midheight emergent species will dominate (e.g., cattails)
-Shallow pothole
Term
Zonation of vegetation in a basin wetland reflects
the response of plants to the hydroperiod
Definition
Term
Carboxylation is catalyzed by the enzyme
Definition
rubisco (RuBP)
Term
have bundle sheath cells do NOT contain chloroplasts; carbon fixation occurs and Calvin Cycle happens in the mesophyll cells in the presence of oxygen. (more adapted to environments with more carbon dioxide.)
Definition
C3 plants
Term
the bundle sheath THICKER cells DO contain choroplasts; carbon is FIXED in the mesophyll cells, and then transported to the bundle sheath cells were the calvin cycle reaction goes WITHOUT oxygen. (adapted to environments with more oxygen)
Definition
C4 plants
Term
the point at which the rate of net photosynthesis is zero
Definition
The light compensation point (LCP)
Term
the point above which no further increase in photosynthesis occurs
Definition
light saturation point
Term
the negative effect of high light levels
Definition
Photoinhibition
Term
Photosynthesis occurs within specialized leaf or
Definition
mesophyll cells
Term
CO2 enters the leaf through openings on the
surface called
Definition
stomata
Term
the water loss through the
stomata is ...
Definition
Transpiration
Term
The rate of water loss varies daily
Definition
– Humidity
– Temperature
– Plant characteristics (stomata opening and closing)
Term
the ratio of carbon fixed (photosynthesis) per unit of water lost
(transpiration) is called
Definition
water-use efficiency
Term
loss of water, is probably the greatest constraint imposed by terrestrial environments
Definition
Dessication
Term
soil profile
Definition
-O-organic material
-A-top soil
-B-sub soil
-C-horizon
(than bedrock)
Term
composed of mineral soil and organic material leached from above accumulation
Definition
A-Top soil
Term
accumulates mineral particles and contains less organic matter than layers above
Definition
B- Sub soil
Term
the unconsolidated material that lies under the subsoil
Definition
C-horizon
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