Term
|
Definition
| One individual is harmed, the other is unaffected. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neither organism is harmed or benefits from interaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both organisms are harmed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One organism benefits, the other is harmed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One organism benefits, the other is unaffected. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coined the word niche; an organism's habitat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Redefined niche; an organism's role in the environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Redefined niche; all physical and biological variables that affect organisms. Coined the term hypervolume. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conditions under which an organism can theoretically survive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conditions where an organism actually does live. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exploitative; siblicide in raptors and egrets. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interference; territoriality in songbirds. |
|
|
Term
| Intraspecific Competition |
|
Definition
| Between individuals of the same species (males vs. females, adults vs. young, etc.). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Influence increases with increasing population density (disease). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One individual loses more than the other (most common in interspecific competition). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Natural selection favors changes that lessen competition. |
|
|
Term
| Methods of Reducing Intraspecific Competition |
|
Definition
| Territoriality (birds), prolonged breeding season (frogs), dispersal of male or female offspring (cheetahs, African wild dogs). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unchecked growth (humans, theoretical growth without environmental restrictions). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exponential growth limited by carrying capacity (most organisms). Also known as sygmoidal growth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Number of individuals capable of being supported by the environment. |
|
|
Term
| Interspecific Competition |
|
Definition
| Between individuals of different species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If resource requirements between individuals are similar, extinction or range shift occurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Using different resources, in different areas, or at different times. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One species takes over entire ecosystem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Competing species are removed from an area, eliminating competition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kill and eat another organism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lay eggs on/in host, offspring consume host (Hymenoptera, Diptera). Sex of eggs can be controlled by parent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Predators that take nutrients from another organism. Usually live in several hosts throughout life, shouldn't kill host. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consume (but usually do not kill) vegetation. |
|
|
Term
| Predator-Prey Relationships |
|
Definition
| Late 1800's - focus on pest control, continued later as theoretical interest. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Search, pursuit, handling times. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fur trading company that recorded lynx/hare populations around Hudson's Bay. Discovered population cycles (oscillations). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Studied effect of refuges, immigration, and emigration on predator prey relationships in microorganisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Studied effect of environmental complexity on predator-prey oscillations using mites and oranges. |
|
|
Term
| Lotka and Volterra (1929) |
|
Definition
| Created equations to explain predator-prey oscillations. |
|
|
Term
| Type I Functional Response |
|
Definition
| Proportion of prey consumed remains constant with increase in prey population. |
|
|
Term
| Type II Functional Response |
|
Definition
| Proportion of prey consumed drops with increase in prey population. |
|
|
Term
| Type III Functional Response |
|
Definition
| Proportion of prey consumed increases with increase in prey population, until a limit is reached and the proportion of prey consumed decreases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability to locate prey easily after a few trials. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eating at different prey densities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breeding at different prey densities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Feeding as efficiently as possible given other constraints (what to eat and where to eat). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long search time, lots of calories. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short search time, less calories. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Predator decides what to eat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Predator decides where to eat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Minimizes time used to find food (hummingbird). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consumes as many calories as possible with no time constraints. |
|
|
