Term
|
Definition
measure of the water content of air
= water vapor density
saturation water vapor X 100
density |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the actual amount of water vapor present in the air at a given temp.
measured in:
milligrams of water per liter of air (mg H2O/L) or
as grams of water per meter of air (g H2O/m^3) |
|
|
Term
| saturation water vapor density |
|
Definition
| the maximum amount of water vapor that air can hold at a given temp. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| random movement of molecules from areas of high molecular concentration to an area with lower molecular concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organism with body fluids containing the same concentration of water and solutes as the external environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aquatic organisms with body fluids that have a lower concentration of water (higher solute concn) than their external environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms with body fluids with a higher concentration of water (lower solute concn) than their external environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ex: marine invertebrate
salts and water diffuse at equal rates in and out of the organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ex: freshwater fish
water diffuses into the fish, solutes EXIT the fish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ex: marine fish
water exits the fish, salts diffuse into the fish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the capacity of water to do work, which is determined by its free energy content
water flows from positions of higher to lower free energy
measured in megapascals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
component of water potential;
dissolved solutes in a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
component of water potential;
results from water's tendency to adhere to the walls of containers like cell walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
component of water potential;
can be positive or negative; most plants have negative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
component of water potential;
water diffuses into root everytime stomates are open plants lose water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| root pressure can force excess water from plant leaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nodes that enable plants to expel excess water (guttation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the main avenue of water loss by animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants mainly lose water this way (evaporation and diffusion of water) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| main products of cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
includes sharks, skates, rays;
1/3rd blood is inorganic solutes
1/3rd of blood is made up of urea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms that use inorganic sources of both carbon and energy; called self-feeders |
|
|
Term
| Photosynthetic autotrophs |
|
Definition
| organisms that use carbon dioxide as a source of carbon and light as a source of energy to synthesize organic compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are molecules that contain carbon,such as sugars, amino acids, and fats. |
|
|
Term
| Chemosynthetic autotrophs |
|
Definition
| organisms that synthesize organic molecules using CO2 as a carbon source and inorganic chemicals as their source of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms that use organic molecules both as a source of carbon and as a source of energy; called other-feeders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms that show the most trophic (feeding) diversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms that have many heterotrophic and photoynthetic species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mainly photosynthetic with a few heterotrophic species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms that are all heterotrophic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organism that is both photosynthetic and heterotrophic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has a longer wavelength but carries less energy; important for temperature regulation in organisms; can be seen by snakes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short wavelength carries more energy; breaks covalent bonds of organic molecules;some animals can see it; important for mutation and sight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| light we can see; has short wavelength;carries more energy |
|
|
Term
| PAR(photosynthetically active radiation) |
|
Definition
| aka visible light; carries enough energy to drive the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| PPFD(photosynthetic photon flux density) |
|
Definition
| how ecologist measure light;its the # of photons striking a square meter surface each second;measured in micromoles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is found in terrestrial ecosystems; deeper into a forest means less light is available; a gradual decrease in light intensity as you move away from the light source; also found in aquatic environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the forest floor experiences direct intense sunlight (about 2-80%); bright spots of light reaching the forest floor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
total leaf area
projected ground area
when this increases so does attenuation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the energy conversion from light to phosphorus compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the building of carbs from CO2, water, phosphorus compounds and other elements can occur as long as ATP and NADPH are present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common form of photosynthesis; the product of the inital reaction is phosphoglyceric acid (PGA); found in variable environments; no specialized leaf anatomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most important enzyme; catalyzes the initial reaction in photosynthesis that combines CO2 and ribulose bisphosphate;also combine O2 with RuBP to start photorespiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a metabolic process occurring mainly in C3 plants under hot, dry, conditions that reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis; occurs in the light consumes oxygen and energy and releases CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soil that is between xeric and hydric soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high light adapted species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low light adapted species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characteristics/adaptations of an organism that influences reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an adaptation that increases the success of an organism, population or species; look at in an evolutionary sense, not a thoughtful choice by the organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic contributions of an individual's descendants to future generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (4 legs in AM) this focuses on survival to reach next stage/state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (2 legs in the afternoon) able to reproduce viable offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (3legs in the evening) enhance surviorship of young or those that are reproducing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a change in population gene frequencies through time due to changes in selection pressures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differential reproduction and survival of individuals within a population due to environmental or biotic influences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of subpopulations living in separate locations, but with minor environmental differences and with active exchange of indiviuals among subpopulations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a table of age-specific survival and death, or mortality rates in a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pattern of surviorship where there are high rates of survival among young and middle-aged individuals followed by high rates of mortality among the aged |
|
|
Term
| type II surviorship curve |
|
Definition
| a pattern of surviorshup characterized by constant rates of survival throughout life |
|
|
Term
| type III surviorship curve |
|
Definition
| a pattern of surviorship where a period of extremely high rates of mortality among the young is followed by a relatively high rate of survival |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| production of new individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| births per 1,000 individuals per unit time |
|
|
Term
| age specific schedule of births |
|
Definition
| # of births per female of age (X) per unit time |
|
|
Term
| gross reproductive rate (Mx) |
|
Definition
| # of females born in each age group |
|
|
Term
| net reproductive rate(Ro) |
|
Definition
| the average number of offspring produced by an individual in a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the average time from seed to seed or egg to egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a significant rain event (ex flash floods) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of organisms down stream sometimes actively as behavioral drift, and sometimes passively with floods. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| females fly upstream and deposit their eggs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where stream populations are maintained though a dynamic interplay between downstream drift and upstream dispersal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drift that occurs just after dark and just before sunrise; these organisms drift downstream to avoid predation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| locally adapted and genetically distinctive population within a species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characteristic of a pop. that includes the size, shape, and location of the area it occupies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the number of individuals per unit area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of a proportion of individual of different ages within a population; helps determine patterns of survival |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a distribution where individuals have an equal probability of occurring anywhere in an area; neutral interactions b/t individuals and b/t individuals and local environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a distribution where individuals are uniformly spaced; antagonistic interactions b/t individuals or local depletion of resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a distribution where individuals live in areas of high local abundance, separated by areas of low abundance; attraction b/t individuals or attraction of individuals to a common resource |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of density that includes all the land within the organism's range |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of density that includes only that portion of land that can actually be colonized by the species |
|
|
Term
| geometric population growth |
|
Definition
| population growth where generations don't overlap and where successive generations differ in size by a constant ratio; ex: annual plants; occurs in nature but not that common |
|
|
Term
| geometric rate of increase |
|
Definition
| the ratio of the population size at two points in time |
|
|
Term
| exponential population growth |
|
Definition
| population growth in a non-limiting environment where generations may overlap;common in nature but can't continue growth b/c of environmental constraints |
|
|
Term
| sigmoidal (logistic) population growth |
|
Definition
| pattern of growth that produces a S-shaped curve; population size levels off at carrying capacity (K) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extinction that occurs when there is a turn over of species at a relatively low rate;due to natural causes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extinction that occurs when large numbers of species are dieing due to natural catastrophes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extinction that is caused by humans; similar to mass extinction in the number of taxa affected and in global dimension and catastrophic nature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the regulation of internal salt and water concentrations by decreasing the osmotic gradient b/t themselves and the external envirnoment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body fluid is slightly hyperosmotic to seawater;secrete excess water and sodium by excreting urine; 1/3 of blood is inorganic solutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body fluids are strongly hypoosmotic to surrounding environment;drink seawater to make up for water loss;excess salt exits through the urine |
|
|
Term
| freshwater osmoregulation |
|
Definition
| hyperosmotic cells, so water wants to move into their body; almost constantly excreting urine |
|
|
Term
| Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC) |
|
Definition
| the pathway for water moving from soil through plants, to the atmosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phosphoglyceric acid; initial product of C3 photosynthesis;a 3 carbon acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolved to prevent/minimize photorespiratoin; separates carbon fixation and the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis into separate cells;have specialized leaf anatomy called Kranz';found in warm temps, |
|
|
Term
| Phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) |
|
Definition
| combines with CO2 in the mesophyll cells to create malate (4 carbon) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stucture that surrounds the leaf veins of C4 plants;made up of cells;where four-carbon acids produced during carbon fixation are broken down into three-carbon acids and CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common chemoautotrophs living in soils and aquatic environments;use ammonium a an energy source |
|
|
Term
| natural selection pressures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| artificial selection pressures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding individuals; share a common gene pool; reproductively isolated from all other organisms;have a distribution limited by environmental factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spreading of organisms from one way to the other;can increase or decrease local population densities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a change in a population over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The relative proportions of a population in different age classes. |
|
|
