Term
| Two main types of predator avoidance |
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Definition
| Behavior and non-behavioral adaption |
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Term
| Two main types of predator avoidance |
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Definition
| Behavior and non-behavioral adaption |
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Term
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Definition
| also called non-coexistence escape or living where herbivores don't live. |
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Term
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Definition
| physical body attributes that make the organism difficult or impossible to eat. example: spines or slime. |
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Definition
| aka camouflage/blending in |
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Definition
| bright warning colors to tell predators of toxicity or harm. very conspicuous. |
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Term
| How toxic does an organisms usually want to be to avoid predators? |
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Definition
| Toxic but not enough to kill your predator right away so that others can learn not to eat it. |
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Term
| Batesian vs Mullerian Mimicry |
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Definition
| harmless mimic harmful vs harmful mimics harmful. (good for rare species so organsims eat one and learn to avoid all species) |
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Term
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Definition
| plant secondary compounds that are produced for defense. secondary as in not necessary for life. |
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Term
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Definition
| Present in high amounts. Effective against generalists & specialists. not highly toxic. more dosage increases response. |
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Term
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Definition
| low concentrations, not dosage dependent, effective against generalists and toxic in small doses. |
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Term
| inducible vs constitutive defense |
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Definition
| only produced when needed vs always present. |
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Term
| what are the 4 components of Darwin's Theory of Evolution |
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Definition
| 1) Organisms produce like organisms. 2) Variation exists among individuals and some is heritable. 3) overproduction- populations reproduce faster than environment can support(not all can survive). 4) differential reproductive success- individuals with most favorable characteristics are most likely to survive and reproduce. ** all conditions must be met for evolution to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| not just for plants. It's when organisms from different regions are grown all in the same place. often to look at genetic differences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Are genetic differents occurring among different elevation plants. Null: if no genetic differences then all plants will grow equally well for each garden. results: differences in growth indicate genetic variation among populations. |
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Term
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Definition
| locally adapted, genetically distinct populations. |
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Term
| What is the outcome of natural selection? |
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Definition
| To guide the population by removing existing variation. does not generate new variation. |
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Term
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Definition
| moves a population's phenotype in one direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| favors intermediate/average phenotype. centers it. |
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Term
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Definition
| favors extreme phenotypes. creates a biomodal graph. |
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Term
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Definition
| beak length for fruit type. Are the differences genetic or induced? by common garden- juvaniles of all populations on same fruit you can see pure genetic differences? and yes there are genetic influences |
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Term
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Definition
| random changes in allele frequencies. Can remove genetic variation from the population especially if it is small. |
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Term
| Where are small populations found? |
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Definition
| Extreme environments, fragmented areas, top trophic levels, islands, mountain tops, zoos. |
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Term
| Genetic diversity of mainland vs island diversity |
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Definition
| mainland population usually has more genetic diversity. |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| found variation in beak length among seed eaters that was heritable. There was a variability in the success of survival and reproducing. especially evident from 1976 drought. when only larger seeds and thus large seed eaters survived. |
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Term
| 3 main life reproduction questions |
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Definition
| 1) how often do individuals reproduce. 2) how many resources devoted per offspring. 3) how many offspring per reproductive event. |
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Term
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Definition
| High egg layers tended to die sooner than low egg layers. |
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Term
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Definition
| If they didn't produce sperm they lived longer. |
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Term
| Interoparity vs Semelparity |
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Definition
| Potential to reproduce many times vs can only reproduce once. Based on balancing juvenile vs adult mortality. |
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Term
| Semelparous vs interoparous Lobelia plant. Why? |
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Definition
| In dry valleys it dies sooner so reproduces less. semelparous- dry rock slopes, large inflorescence and seeds vs interoparous- moist valley small flowers and seeds. |
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Term
| What's the correlation between birth weight and number of offspring? |
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Definition
| Negative, as offspring # increase birth weight decreases. |
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Term
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Definition
| number of bird effs laid at one time |
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Term
| Plants with larger seeds produced fewer of them. |
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Definition
| Those larger seeds produced larger seedlings.(higher recruitment) |
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Term
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Definition
| seed survived and is starting to grow into a young plant, it is a small juvenile beyond a seedling. |
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Term
| What should determine optimal clutch size? |
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Definition
| most common clutch should result in the most offspring fledged. |
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Term
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Definition
| usually lay 7 eggs. When clutch size manipulated to 5-9 7 showed most number of chicks fledged. thus optimal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trade off between offspring number and parent survival. parents with extra eggs raised them all but the chicks fledged less, were undernourished and the parents died more. |
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Term
| Why not lay as many eggs as possible? |
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Definition
| Because more eggs doesn't mean more offspring. More eggs can mean fewer resources/offspring, poorer survival rates and more expenditure from parent (like higher morality). |
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Term
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Definition
| common in variable environments, where popularizations fluctuate or in habitats with little competition. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Trade off between fast and slow organisms. |
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Definition
| Fast have higher fecundity, mortality and shorter lives vs slow ones have lower annual fecundity and lower mortality aka longer lives. |
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Term
| Grimes plant life history strategies |
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Definition
| Ruderal, stress tolerant, competitive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Live in highly disturbed environments, with low stress. Have rapid growth & reproduction, large number of seeds and are similar to r-selected. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stressful environment/low disturbance. Slower growth, highly defended and similar to k-selected. |
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Term
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Definition
| low stress/low disturbance (aka favorable for many species). Thus strong competitive ability. * in between K & R. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Intra vs Interspecific competition |
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Definition
| within 1 species vs among 2 or more species. |
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Term
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Definition
| indirect interactions, impacts on share resources |
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Term
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Definition
| direct interaction ex) aggression, territorial defense, or chemical release. |
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Term
| coexistence vs competitive exclusion in paramecia |
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Definition
| inhabit different regions of the flask & ate different food vs one does well, other disappears because they are both after the same food. |
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Term
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Definition
| When resources & space of two species overlap competition occurs with competative exclusion being an extreme overlap. |
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Term
| What barnacles live where? |
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Definition
| Chathamalus- higher shore vs Balanus- lives lower down. |
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Term
| Lotka-Volterra Competition model |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Isocline of zero population growth |
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Term
| Types of resource partitioning |
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Definition
| by food size or by micro habitat. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of environmental conditions within which an organism can maintain a viable population size. |
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Term
| Ecological niche/ fundamental niche |
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Definition
| optimal niche size in the absence of interspecific interaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| actual niche size in presence of interspecific competition. |
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Term
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Definition
| remove a competitor and the species does better/niche widens. |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which natural selection drives competing species into different patterns of resource use or different niches. |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms dependent on each other vs can survive without each other. |
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Term
| specialist mutualism vs generalist mutualism |
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Definition
| only 2 particular species vs multiple species can possibly be involved (although mutualism is always between 2) |
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Term
| Plant & fungal mycorrhizae |
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Definition
| typically faculative. mycro- give plant more nutrients and water and get exudates/carbon food in return. |
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Term
| potential benefits of mutualism |
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Definition
| increased birth rates, decreased death rates/injury, nutritional benefits, increased equilibrium population densities and raised K for each species. |
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