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| organisms that get energy from other organisms |
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| scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their ebvironment, or surroundings. |
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| part of earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere |
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| a group of oraganisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring |
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| groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area. |
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| assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area |
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| a collectionof all the organisms that live in a particular place, together where their nonliving, or physical, environment |
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| a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominat communities |
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| organisms that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds: also called a producer |
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| make their own food ex; plants |
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| autotrophs use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxideand and water into oxygenand energy richcarbohydrates such as sugar and starches |
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| when organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates |
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| organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply |
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| eats both plants and animals |
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| eats both plants and animals |
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| organisms that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter |
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| breaks down organic matter |
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| a series of steps in which organisms tranfer energy by eating and being eaten |
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| more complex than a food chain, network of interactions, links all the foodchains in an ecosystem together |
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| a diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web |
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| the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level |
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| process in which elements, chemicalcompounds, and other forms of matterare passed from one organisms to another and from one part of the biosphere to another |
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| the process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas |
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| water can also enter the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants |
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| all chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life |
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| bacteria which live in the soil and on the roots of plants called legumes, convert nitrogen gas into ammonia |
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| other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas |
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| rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem |
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| when an ecosystemis limited by a singal nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance |
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| an immediate increase in the amount of algae and otherproducers that results from a large in put of a limiting nutrient |
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| the day-to-day conditionof earth's atmosphere at aparticular time and place |
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| year after year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region |
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| when the sun rays goes to earths atmosphere and bounces off to space but the greenhouse gases traps some heat. |
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| cold ares where the sun's rays strike earth at a very low angle |
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| sit between the polar zonesand the tropics |
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| is near the equator, between 23.5 degrees north and 2305 south latitudes |
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| the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organisms uses those conditions |
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| any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space |
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| competitive exclusion principle |
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| states that no two species can occupy the same nichein the habitat at the same time |
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| an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism |
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| any relationship in which two species live closely together |
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| both species benefit from the relationship |
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| one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed |
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| one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it |
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| this serios of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time |
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| on land that occurs on surfaces where no soil exicts |
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| the first species to populate the area |
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| succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil |
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| a complex of terrestrial communities that covers a large area and is characterized by a certain soil and climate conditions and particularassemblages of plants and animals |
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| organism's capacity to grow or thrive when subjected to an unfavorable environmental factor |
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| the climate in a small area that differs from the climate around it |
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| a general term for the tiny, free-floating organisms that live in both freshwater and saltwater environments |
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| populationof algae and other small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean and forming part of plankton |
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| tiny animals that form part of the plankton |
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| an ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year |
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| wetlands formed where rivers meet the sea |
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| made up of tiny pieces of organic material that provide food for organisms at the base of the estuary's food web |
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| are temperate-zone estuaries dominated by salt-tolerant grasses above the low-tide line, and by seagrasses under water |
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| coastal wetlands that are widespread across tropical regions, including southern florida and hawaii |
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| photosynthesis is limited to this well-lit upper layer |
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| it is perminatly dark and chemosynthetic autotrophs are the only producers that can survive down there |
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| the prominent horizontalbanding of organisms that live in a particular habitat |
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| extends from the low-tide mark to the outer edge of the continental shelf, the relatively shallow border that surrounds the continents |
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| are named for their dominant organism |
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| are named for the coral animals whose hard, calcuim carbonate skeletons make up their primary structure |
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| the ocean floor contains organisms that live attached to or near the bottom, such as sea stars, anemones, and marine worms |
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| new crops were often grown using a practice |
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| modern agricultural techniques were introduced, such as monoculture and the use of chemical fertilizers |
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| resource that can regenerate quickly and that is replaceable. |
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| one that cannot be replenished by natural processes |
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| a way of using natural resources without depleting them and of providing for human needs without causing long term environmental harm |
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| the wearing away of surface soil by water and wind |
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| in certain parts of the world with dry climates, a combination of farming, overgrazing, and drought has truned once productive areas into deserts |
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| the raising of aquatic animals for human consumption |
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| a mixture of chemicals that occurs as a gray-brownhaze in the atmosphere |
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| a harmful material that can enter the biosphere through the land, air. or water |
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| the sum total of the genetically based varatity of all organisms in the biosphere |
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| the variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes in the living world |
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| the number of different species in the biosphere |
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| the sum total of all the different forms of genetic information carried by all organisms living on earth today |
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| when a species disappears from all or part of its range |
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| a species whose population sizeis declining in a way that places it in danger of extinction |
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| developmaent often splits ecosystems into pieces |
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| when carnivores eat herbivores, the toxic substance is concentrated further |
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| animal that does not have a backbone, or vertebral column |
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| the wise management of natural resources, including the preservation of habitats and wildlife |
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| the atmosphere contains a relatively high concentration of ozone gas |
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| an increase im the average temeperature of the biosphere |
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| the leafy tops of all trees form a dense covering |
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| organic matter that falls to the forest floor quikly decomposes, and the nutrients are recycled |
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| a tree that sheds its leaves during a paricular season each year |
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| produce seed-bearing cones and most have leaves shaped like needles |
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| a material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter that makes soil fertile |
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| the northern edge of the temperate zone are dense evergreen forests of coniferous trees |
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| a layer of permanently frozen subsoil |
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| all living things are composed of living cells new cells are produced from existing cells |
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| cells that contain a nuclei |
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| cells that doesnt contain nuclei |
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| a large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of dna |
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| the portion of the cell outside the nucleus |
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| dotted into and out of the nucleus |
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| the granular material you can see in the nucleus |
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| threadlike structure within the nucleus containiing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next |
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| most of the nuclei also contain a small, dense region |
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| small particles of RNA and protein found through out the cytoplasm |
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| eukaryotic cells also contain an internal membrane system |
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| proteins produced in the rough ER move next into an organelle |
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| small organelles filled with enzymes |
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| some kinds of cells contain saclike structures |
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| organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use |
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| organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it intochemical process |
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| a network of protein filaments that helps the cell maintain its shape |
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| help organize cell division |
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| all cells are surrounded by a thin flexible barrier |
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| many cells also produced a strong supporting layer around the membrane |
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| the composition of nearly all cell membranes is a doubled layered sheet |
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| the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume |
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| particles that tend to move from an are where they are more concentrated area that a less concentrated area |
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| when the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution |
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| the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
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| to help the diffusion of glucose across the membrane |
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| cells moving materials in the opposite dirrection. |
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| the process pf taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane |
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| tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off to form vacuoleswithin the cell |
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| many cells release large amounts of material from the cell |
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| cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform in different tasks |
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| a group of similar cells that performa particular function |
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| many groups of tissues that work together |
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| a group of organs that work together to perform a sprcific function |
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| organisms such as plants, which make their own food |
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| organisms obtain energy from the foods they consume |
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| adenosine triphosphate(atp) |
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| one of the principal chemical compounds that cells use to store and release enrgy |
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| plants use the energy of sunlight ti convertwater and carbon dioxide into high-energy carbohydrates-sugars and starches-and oxygen, a waste of product |
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| plants gather the sun's energy with lightabsorbing molecules |
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| the plants' principal pigment |
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| chloroplasts contain saclike photosynthetic membranes |
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| the region outside the thylakid membranes |
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| one of these carrier molecules is a compound |
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| light-dependent reactions |
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| reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH |
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| large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP |
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| reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build highenergy compounds such as sugars |
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| is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius |
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| first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid |
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| glycolysis, the krebs cycle, and the electron trnsport chain |
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| one of the reactions of glycolysis removes 4 high-energy electrons and passes them to an elctron carrier |
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| releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen |
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| when fermentation does not requir oxygen |
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| the pathways of cellular respiration require oxygen |
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| pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis passes to the second stage of cellular respiration |
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| a series of proteins in which the high energy electrons from the krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP |
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