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Definition
| A complete count of individuals in a population. Large species living in the open may be counted from aircraft. In areas where vegetation or topography conceals animals it is rare to get a complete count. |
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Definition
May be made on the basis of a statistical sample. This can be done by counting inanimate objects or by counting animals. |
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A qualitative measure of a population. Instead of comparing numbers or densities of a population, compares relative abundance between areas or changes in abundance from one time to another in the same area. |
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Definition
| Forces the researcher to think about population dynamics in new ways. |
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| Model: Developmental Value |
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Definition
| The researcher must become aware of the usefulness of various types of information necessary to construct an accurate model. |
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Definition
| The model may be useful in predicting future courses of the modeled population or effects of manipulation of the population by altering the environment or rates of harvesting. |
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Term
| Stable Population Response |
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Definition
| Appear to respond to the carrying capacity of the habitat before food becomes limiting. Indications are there are behavioral controls on the populations |
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Term
| Irruptive Population Response |
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Definition
| Seem to be largely unpredictable. A condition found in diverse wildlife populations from the equator to the boreal forest. Population changes are usually attributed to favorable and unfavorable weather or climatic conditions and resultant vegetational changes. |
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Term
| 3-4 Year Cycle Population Response |
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Definition
| These are found in simple ecosystems, fewer species to give the system stability. They occur on all continents that have tundra. Small Rodents |
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Definition
| Usually found in the Boreal Forest. |
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Definition
| Genotype -> Phenotype <- Environment |
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Definition
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| Observal structural and functional characteristics |
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Definition
| Refers tot he sum of an animal's fitness as measured by reproductive success and that of relatives with those relatives devalues in proportion to their genetic distance |
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Definition
| Species has an innate map or matrix of suitable habitat. Choice is made according to the degree of fit. |
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| Direct Assessment of Food Supply |
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Definition
| Species appear to assess the population level of the food supply and adjust habitat selection and breeding effort accordingly. |
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Term
| Negative Feedback Mechanisms |
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Definition
| Lack of negative cues and presence of positive cues work in combination to cause avoidance or selection. |
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Definition
| One male with one femail. The pair-bond may last for one season or many years. |
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Definition
| Two or more females per male. The dominant system in mammals. |
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Definition
| Two or more males per female. |
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Definition
| Nest build, lay eggs for male to tend then move on to another mate |
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Definition
| 2 males at the same time, carry fetuses from more than one male |
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Definition
| Indiscriminate mating. No pair-bond, or the pairing lasts only as long as copulation. Lek breeding wildlife follow this system. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Include such things as food, water, cover disease and predation. |
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Definition
| Refer to physiological and behavioral population limiting factors that often come into operation before starvation and other ultimate factors limit the populations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection chamber of ingested food. No digestion occurs here. |
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Term
Glandular Stomach or Proventriculus |
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Definition
| True stomach that secretes enzymes to initiate digestion. |
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Definition
| Muscular stomach capable of strong contractions. Storage of ingested grit that aids in the physical breakdown of food. |
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Definition
| Function depends on the dietary habit of the bird |
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Definition
| Area of digestion of ingested food |
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Definition
| absorption of water and digested protein |
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Term
| Cecum (enlarged in herbivores) |
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Definition
| Microbial digestion and bacterial decomposition of fibrous food. Cecal droppings are darker and often reingested. |
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Definition
| Aids in further digestion and absorption |
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Definition
| Often discussed together since each compartment is separated by a low partition and contents mix freely. Eighty percent fo the capacity of the stomach is related to the reticulorumen. The rumen is the main fermentation vate where billions of microorganisms break down the relative indigestible food components. |
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Definition
| Acts as the filter pump to sort liquid and fine food particles. Water, minerals and nitrogen are absorbed here. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the true stomach and the onyl location in the digestive system that produces gastric juices. |
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Definition
An animal eats its own cecum |
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Definition
| An animal eats its own feces |
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Definition
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| Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) |
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Definition
| Products of microbial breakdown of sugars and nonsugar carbohydrates in the stomach and cecum of herbivores. |
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Definition
Net energy (Kcal) spent securing food
Net energy (Kcal) obtained in food gathered
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Definition
Relative % dry-weight of forage in diet
Relative % dry-weight of forage in habitat
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Definition
A characteristic of the food
"key sign stimulus" |
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Term
| Euphagia or Nutritional Wisdom |
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Definition
Refers to an instinctive tendency to select food for their specific nutrient content |
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Term
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Definition
| Select foods to minimize unpleasant and maximize pleasant taste, olfactory and/or other attractions |
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Term
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Definition
Familiar-aversive: associate with illness, negative effect
Novel: no association, new food
Familiar-safe: associated with well being
Familiar-positive: associated with getting well and feeling better |
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Term
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Definition
Aka ruminant digestions
Rate limited (rumen fills and they have to stop and chew cud) |
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Definition
| spend more time foraging (not as limited) |
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Definition
| Not affecting the animal, but things inside of the animal |
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Definition
Wildlife adapted to wetlands |
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Definition
Wildlife adapted to moderate moisture |
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Definition
| Wildlife adapted to deserts |
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Term
| Low-successional Wildlife |
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Definition
| Includes species dependent on annual grasses and forbs as well as annual agricultural crops |
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Term
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Definition
| includes species associated with succession induced by disturbances such as fire, logging, lviestock grazing as well as other factors |
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Definition
| includes many threatened and endanged species, like to live in climax environments |
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Definition
| A minimum unit area (acres or hectares) is required by each wildlife species. Must include daily and seasonal ranges of the individual population. |
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Definition
| The boundary where one kind of biotic community (or land use) ends and another kind starts. Each edge forms an ecotone. Edge increase as interspersion increases. |
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Definition
| Where the adjacent communities blend. Som change rapidly, but most ecotones blend gradually forming species-rich zones. |
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Definition
| Refers to a protective cover area where two or more vegetative types come together. A corner. |
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Definition
| Lack of health. A disturbance to the normal function or structure of an animal. |
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| The science of dealign with causes of disease |
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Definition
| usually infectious, parasitic, toxic, physiological, nutritional, congenital, and degenerative factors |
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Definition
| etiological agents that include bacteria, viruses, rickettsias, parasites, fungi and others |
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Definition
| The low but chronic level of a disease occurence in a single population |
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Definition
| The acute outbreak or expression of disease |
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Definition
| Refers to diseases that may be shared by man and animals, huge number |
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Term
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) |
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Definition
(Adrenal Pituitary Stress Syndrome, Selye Stress Syndrome) is the set of nonspecific physiological adjustments made by the body in order to maintain homeostasis when confronted by stressors. The three phases are alarm, resistence and exhaustion. |
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