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| is a term for the underlying theory in the ideas of Charles Darwin, particularly concerning evolution and natural selection |
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| the founder of academic biology |
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| Charles Darwin's grandfather who was a much published physician interested in chemistry and biology. Supported for the view that species evolve into one another |
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| the process by which populations of organisms acquire and pass on novel traits from generation to generation |
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| is the origin belief that humans, life, the Earth, and the universe were created by a supreme being or deity's supernatural intervention. |
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| process of change from one form into another (birds of the Galapagos change from island to island) |
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| descent with modification |
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| new species are produced from established species and new species do not remain the same as the old species. |
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| supported that species are fixed and unchanging |
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| the net reproductive advantage of individuals with favored characteristics resulting in sustained evolutionary change. |
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| the number of individuals compared to the resources they need to survive and having too many |
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| a theory which holds that profound change is the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes. |
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| Charles Darwin's hypothetical mechanism for heredity that brought 'together a multitude of facts which are at present left disconnected by any efficient cause'. |
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| reside in all the tissues of life, shaping organs and processes |
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| relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent organisms to their children, and underly much of genetics. |
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| the reconciliation of Darwinism and Mendelism together with systematics and other parts of biology |
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| the rejection of ideas such as Christian science as part of a general scientific movement that was started primarily by the pgysicist and astromomer Galileo |
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| long past geological upheavals such as those arising from Noah's flood, acould explain the creation of geological features; opposite of gradualists |
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| uniformitarians/ gradualists |
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| the slow, cumulative action of everyday processes like sedimentation and erosion was a sufficient explanation of geology; opposite of catastrophists |
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| is a term used for the theory in biology of heritability of acquired characteristics, the idea that an organism can acquire characteristics during its lifetime and pass them on to its offspring. |
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| the Biblical system of life is one in which the original creations of God are supposed to survive indefinitely on Earth |
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| a representation of the history of life as a treelike pattern of diversification |
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| when new species evolve from existing species and the species survives |
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| when two branches can grow together to make interspecies hybrids or symbiotic fusions; eukaryotic cell evolved as a result of repeated symbiotic fusions |
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| the principle of preference for a simple explanation over a complex one |
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| singlecelled microbes that lack nuclei and other cell organelles |
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| both single-celled and multicellular, with nuclei and other organelles |
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| 3 classes before Kingdom; Bacteria, Eukarya, Archaea |
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| eukaryotes, protozoa, fungi, plants, animals |
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| like bacteria; mixed attributes |
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| five or six, depending on system |
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| two bacteria living and working together; theory about how eukaryotes and photosynthetic plants evolved. |
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| use CO2 and H+ for energy and release methane gas. |
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| heat loving, live in hot springs and ocean vent. |
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| one cell receives a plasmid from another cell |
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| excretion and ingestion of DNA |
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| Dna is transfered by a virus |
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| biological classification |
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| groups very similar organisms into species, clusters species into larger and larger aggregations. Affiliations of organisms may be very subtle. Not based on evolutionary theory. |
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| two different species that decended from the same original species. |
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| the distribution of species over the earth. |
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| things mature disproportionatly |
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| uses the pattern of adaptation among species and their environment to infer evolutionary causes. |
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| the products of natural selection (response to natural selection) |
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| a structure present in an ancestor is retained in descendent species |
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| when a species has repeated structural features. |
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| similarity is produced in multiple evolutionary lineages by the action of natural selection. |
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| have similar features but get them seperately. |
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| dark coloration of many European butterflies. |
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| has only one copy of genetic material |
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| two copies of genetic material |
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| more than two copies of genetic material |
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| varying numbers of copies. |
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| a tissue involved in fertilization; offer nutrients to developing fetus |
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| a condition where cells contain hundreds of copies of genetic material |
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| strings of genetic information |
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| individual genes location on a chromosome. |
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| specific versions of genes |
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| haploid, basic tenet of Mendelian genetics |
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| combination of two gametes, become one organism. |
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| doubling of chromosomes and recombination |
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| all loci and allele are seperate and freely recombine. |
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| how genes determine the characteristics of organisms |
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| used to define the part of the organism that is of interest |
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| features of interest for a particular organism, how genes are expressed |
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| members of a sexual species living with in easy traveling distance of each other. |
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| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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| With out an external force there is no tendency for allele frequency to change. Can use to quantify change through natural selection |
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| the hypothetical case in which we can calculate what genotype frequencies would be like if alleles combined at random. |
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| deviation from the ideal of random combination. |
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| a character that has no clear catagories |
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| the sum of squared deviations of observations from the mean divided by the total sum of (x-mean)^2/n |
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| when one allele masksw or modulates another |
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| when it takes two copies of an allele for it to show up. |
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| when alleles at seperate loci interact |
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| when related individuals mate |
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| the chance that randomly chosen alleles in two half siblings is identical by a common ancestor |
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| the reduction of the values of characters that are related to fitness or function. |
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| unrelated inbred lines are crossed, hybrid is usually superior |
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| repeat allele in the genome |
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| sub-division of population |
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| some populations contain more variation |
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| the impact of population subdivision |
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| the working out of chance on the next level up from inheritance. |
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| survival of the fittest, selection based on particular traits that seem advantagous |
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| the deviation of the selected group from the population as a whole. |
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| the average difference between the offspring of the selected group and the rest of the breeding population |
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| (h^2) genetic parameter when determining the difference |
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| cumulative selection response |
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| deviations of the off spring of selected organisms from the average of the total population. |
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| cumulative selection differential |
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| deviation of select parents from the total population |
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| the difference in genetically available characteristics. |
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| "natural selection" comes to mind, favor a phenotypic extreme, which most don't attain. |
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| the average reproduction of an individual or genotype, calibrated over a complete life cycle |
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| eliminates individuals at the extremes of the distribution of a quantitative character, favors intermediate phenotypes. |
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| the variety of characteristics there are to choose from. |
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| selection against the middle of the distribution. Increase varience, can lead to speciation. |
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| two peaked phenotypic distribution |
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| child with out having sex |
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| when specific DNA sequences are chemically changed or miscopied. |
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| mutations supply genetic varience |
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| getting rid of the unwanted |
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| when having two different alleles has highest (Sickle Cell Anemia and Malaria) |
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| keep varience equal, counter-act purify |
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| when one allele is the only one present |
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| mutations that reduce fitness, because of random occurance with respect to the direction of selection |
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| frequency-dependent selection |
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| when selection favors rare genotypes, gives the rare a "boost up" |
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| bacteria that can withstand antibiotic, illustrates natural selection |
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| large circles of DNA, mode of exchange between DNA. |
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| change of moths to darker color |
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| found in bacteria, exchanged when bacteria with them conjugate with non-"F" plasimid bacteria |
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| simplest form of eukaryotic sex; sex with two gametic types that are not distinguishable; common in algae |
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| sperm and egg; modules of parents genetic information |
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| able to mate with any member of the species |
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| having sex with oneself, tend to make recessive deletrious alleles |
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| eat own species; females who eat their mate |
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| changing sex to what would be most advantagous |
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| when multiple mates are chosen |
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| produce and store sperm; promiscuous tend to me larger and monogamous smaller |
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| one sex has access to multiple of other sex |
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| male and female live together and rear their young |
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| monotonous species copulate with another individual. |
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| having sex enough to produce offspring; chosen based on characteristics that don't nessicarily add to their fitness |
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| accidental correlation between mating preference and anatomy. |
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| only have mating purpose; hinder organism in other ways. |
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| providing for the offspring |
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| one animal aiding another |
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| group living insect species |
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| supply resources to a small sub-set; often sterile. |
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| incharge; only reproductive female |
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| kin selection; sterile one helps the other |
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| based transmission of an organism's genes into the next generation by means other than the production of immediate descendants. One sister helps another. |
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| "same blooded", number of genes that two organisms have in common |
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| coefficent of genetic relatedness |
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| number of genes related in an individual |
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| hold back aggression; more for show |
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| math applied to human economics and criminal behavior |
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| Evolutionary Stable Strategy(ESS) |
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| unbeatable strategy; a population cannot be invaded |
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| sociobiology/evolutionary psychology |
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| using Darwinian principles to explain human and animal behavior. |
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