what is shown in the clear bottle?

brown bottle?

how do you measure GPP?

• clear bottle is GPP - respiration = NPP
• brown bottle = respiration
• GPP = Dol - Dod

• LAI is calculated using remote sensing
• LAI then converted to NPP

Terrestrial NPP patterns:

increasing temperature =

increasing precipitation =

increase day length =

increase nitrogen =

primary production in marine systems is best related to ...... availability

freshwater systems is best related to ..... availability

nitrogen

phosphorous

• is the GPP - ecosystem respiration and not just autotroph respiration

• as an ecosystem grows up, GPP increases along with a slight increase in respiration
• then it balances out after climax species take over.

assimilation efficiency?

production efficiency?

a = the efficiency the animal extracts energy from food

p= the efficiency the animal incorporates assimilated energy to secondary production

• grazing - high rates of herbivory, low standing crop biomass
• detrital - high standing crop biomass, low rates of herbivory

energy ... recycled within an ecosystem

what molecules are?

isn't

N,C,P,S

how is decomposition rate calculated?

why does decomposition rate decline over time?

regulating factors?

• litterbag method - weighed over time
• it is leached and fragmented quickly, then more difficult to decompose materials take longer to dissipate
• quality of plant litter, features of soil, climate

• more carbon rich= faster
• high lignin percentage = slower
• higher in aerobic conditions
• higher in warm moist climates

Autochthonus organic matter

Allochthonus organic matter

• matter from NPP within system
• matter transported into system from elsewhere(wood, dissolved O material)

• How much of the production is used within the system
• = production = respiration
• <1, respiration is dominant along with allochthonus organic matter
• >1 production dominates respiration

predicts patterns relative to stream order

- based on relative abundance of invertabrate feeders

- P/R ratio

mineralization

immobilization

• miner - conversion of nutrients from organic to inorganic (to NH4)
• immob - use of inorganic nutrients for biosynthesis of organic compounds (NH4 to AA)

atmospheric

terrestrial

Aquatic and Marine

Terrestrial

Atmospheric

living, dead biomass

fossil fuels

sedimentary rock (limestone and chalk= CaCO3)

CO2 and Methane

• biota (autotrophs)
• dissolved CO2
• If Ca is available can form CaCO3 in warm seas

• in via photosynthesis, out via respiration - O2 present
• methanogenesis - anaerobic

• anything that is composed of Carbon that is resistant to being broken down.
• something that will absorb and hold carbon for a long time

land use change

fossil fuel use

increase , will cause ocean to become more acidic

- sensitive habitats like coral reefs will be affected most but warm water has less ability to hold gases

what happens as forest permafrost melts?

what happens to peat as temps increase?

slumping

- peat start to dry up and decompose releasing CO2 into atmosphere

• Thawing of sediment on lake floor - anaerobic decomposition of C to CH4
• methane bubbles up to lake surface
• usually trapped in ice when lake is frozen

human caused CO2 release is sucked up by ocean

- creates H2CO3 which then dissociates to H + HCO3 causes a decrease in pH

- decrease in pH causes more Ca to be converted to CaCO3 which decreases source for marine exoskeletons and shells

1. Terrestrial - N fixation to NH4 and NO3
2. Atmospheric - N2 + NO(2) major pollutants
3. Aquatic and Marine - 95% N2 some fixed by cyanobacteria

Abiotic N production?

biological N production?

• lightning and fertilizer

 bio - N fixation by bacteria use nitrogenase enzyme which only works in anaerobic environment leghemoglobin( in root nodules)

HAber Process

• German scientist uses high pressure and high energy to fix N2 to NH4 for fertilizer

ammonium assimilation

assimilatory N reduction

NH4 to NH2

NO3 to NH4 - requires energy input

Ammonization - NH2 to NH4

Nitrification - NH4 to NO3 - NH4 used as e donor

Volatilization - NH2 to anything -lost from system

• No O2, bacteria use NO3 as final electron acceptor in cellular respiration
• oxidizes NO3 all the way to N2 where it is lost from the system

• hypoxia caused by high nutrient availability
• increase phytoplankton
• increase decomposition by microorganisms which use up dissolved O2.
• NO O2 creates a dead zone( all fish die)