Term
| 3 ways in which rocks are formed |
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Definition
| Igneous Rock, Sedimentary,Metamorphic |
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Term
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Definition
| hot mixture of liquid magma cools |
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Term
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Definition
| form from material deposited in lakes or oceans |
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Term
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Definition
| When igneous or sedimentary rocks are heated or subjected to intense pressure |
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Term
| Four ways parent material may be broken down or added to soil? |
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Definition
-mechanical weathering
-chemical weathering
-Biological growth
-decomposition |
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Term
| How does chemical weathering of parent material occur? |
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Definition
| Rain water containing dissolved CO2 which becomes carbonic acid that dissolves the rock |
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Term
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Definition
| Parent material added by rivers or by glaciers |
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Term
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Definition
| Parent material added by winds |
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Term
| Role of biological growth and decomposition in soil formation? |
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Definition
| Contribute to the breakdown of parent material & accumulation of organic material in the soil |
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Term
| Role of climate in soil formation? |
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Definition
| Directly influences the accumulation of soil parent material and the development of soil layers |
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Term
| Role of biotic factors in soil formation |
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Definition
| animals, bacteria, and fungi contribute....Plants make the majority of organic matter |
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Term
| Topography affect on soil ecology? |
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Definition
| Influences the amount of water that can enter the soil... Also influences the rate of erosion and downhill transport of soil material |
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Term
| young vs old soil fertility |
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Definition
| Young soils are more fertile because they have not been exposed to the leaching process for a long time. Old soil is leached of nutrients without replacement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surface layer resting on mineral layer is composed of fresh or partially decomposed organic material that has not been mixed into the soil |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| humus layer consisting of partially decomposed organic material |
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Term
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Definition
| upper layer of mineral soil characterized by an accumulation of organic material called humus |
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Term
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Definition
| zone of extensive illuviation (deposit of material that has leached out of the A horizon above |
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Term
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Definition
| Weekly weathered material that usually resembles the parent rock |
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Term
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Definition
| unweathered parent material that is bedrock |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of material from the A horizon into the B |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of materials found in the A horizon |
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Term
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Definition
| Tells about soil, not function, can tell about how much organic matter, the presence of minerals such as iron oxide, and drainage |
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Term
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Definition
| particles larger than 2mm (not fine) |
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Term
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Definition
| range from 0.05-2.0mm (gritty) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| very small, with plasticity |
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Term
| 2 important properties of the soil controlled by clays? |
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Definition
-ability to change shape when pressure is applied and removed
-exchange of ions between soil particles and soil solutions |
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Term
| How does soil depth differ? |
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Definition
| varies from place to place depending on slope, weathering, parent material and vegetation |
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Term
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Definition
| the maximum amount of water the soil can hold following drainage of gravitational water |
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Term
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Definition
| soil drying out to a point which plants are unable to absorb enough water to replace that lost by transpiration |
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Term
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Definition
| water retained between field capacity and the permanent wilting point |
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Term
| 3 factors that play an important role in determining soil moisture regime |
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Definition
-texture
-organic Matter
-topographic position |
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Term
| What types of soil marks the beginning of wetlands |
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Definition
| somewhat poorly drained soil |
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Term
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Definition
| complexes of clay and humus that limit the mobility of ions |
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Term
| Structure of Clay molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| Isomorphous substitutions |
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Definition
| allow for the substitution of an element without changing the structure |
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Term
| what type of compounds do clay attract |
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Definition
| Cations and organic substances, because of the negative charge due to isomorphic substitutions |
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Term
| Cation exchange capacity of soil and how does it prevent the leaching of soil nutrients? |
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Definition
| the number of negatively charged exchange sites on clay and humus and attract cation nutrients to prevent leeching |
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Term
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Definition
| percent of sites occupied by ions other H+ |
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Term
| How are hydrogen ions added to the soil? |
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Definition
| water, acids from organic matter, metabolic acids |
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Term
| Why do acidic soil have low percent base saturation |
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Definition
| most sites are occupied by H+ |
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Term
| relationship between soil acidity and soil fertility and aluminum toxicity |
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Definition
| the higher the acidity, the lower the fertility and the higher aluminum toxicity |
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Term
| What types of soils are the most fertile with respect to their cation exchange capacity and percent base saturation |
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Definition
| soils with high cation exchange capacity and with high percent base saturation |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of soil that makes it a good place to live? |
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Definition
-relatively stable( structural and chemically)
-less variable conditions
-pretty saturated
-less extremes |
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Term
| Problems with living in the soil? |
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Definition
-particles hamper movement
-dependence of particle size and pores |
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Term
| Characterize the importance of water to organisms living within the soil |
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Definition
| most live in thin film of H2O lining soil particles, need high humidities |
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Term
| Types of organisms found in the soil |
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Definition
| bacteria, protozoa, fungi, nematodes |
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Term
| Most abundant arthopods living within the soil spore spaces? |
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Definition
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Term
| What role do millipedes play in soil ecology? |
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Definition
| consume partially decomposed leaves to obtain nourishment from fungi growing on the litter |
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Term
| What role do slugs and snails play in soil ecology |
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Definition
| break down cellulose and other poly saccharides |
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Term
| What types of human activities disturb natural patterns of soil ecology |
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Definition
| buried under fill, overturned and moved by excavations, surface mining, and road construction |
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Term
| Human activities that result in soil compaction and its effects on soil ecology. |
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Definition
| Heavy machinery, tramping on lawns, playing on fields, foot paths, off road vehicles... reduces absorption causing soil erosion |
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Term
| How is topsoil removed and the consequences of this removal? |
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Definition
| By wind water, causes cloudy waters and fills bodies of water with sediment. can cause dust clouds |
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Term
| What soil problem characterized the dust bowl of the 1930's |
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Definition
| wind picked up sediment from ground caused by farming |
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Term
| principle of soil conservation service |
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Definition
| Prevents soil mismanagement |
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Term
| Soil mismanagement problems continue in the U.S despite the efforts of the soil conservation service? |
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Definition
| Top soil erosion and poisoned by pollutants |
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