Term
| Possible advantages of larger body size |
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Definition
-ability to find mates
-ability to avoid predation/catch prey
-competitive advantage |
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Term
| why will rapid development normally be favored by natural selection |
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Definition
| allows for genes to be passed to the next generation qicker |
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Term
| Under what circumstances might arrested development be favored? |
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Definition
| when conditions are not ideal |
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Term
| what are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual? |
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Definition
-organisms produced quickly and are adapted to the environment
-build up mutations |
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Term
| Advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction |
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Definition
-gene variation to selection pressures and prevent accumulation of harmful mutations
-requires too much E |
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Term
| Organisms that switch between asexual and sexual reproduction |
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Definition
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Term
| Under what circumstances do such organisms switch from asexual to sexual reproduction |
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Definition
Asexual- favorable conditions
Sexual- unfavorable conditions |
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Term
| Pattern of reproduction seen in daphnia during favorable and unfavorable conditions? |
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Definition
Favorable- virgin reproduction (asexually)
unfavorable- Sexual reproduction |
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Term
| Factors that influence the nature and evolution of male-female relationships |
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Definition
| -Ecological conditions( availability and distribution of resources & ability of individuals to control access to mates or resources) |
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Term
| Under what circumstances do females gain no advantage by remaining with males |
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Definition
| When male does not provide protection, food or nourishment |
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Term
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Definition
| One partner...seen when cooperation by parents is needed to rear the young successfully |
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Term
| Why are so few birds but so many male mammals promiscuous? |
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Definition
Birds- young are helpless and male can increase his own fitness by remaining with the female to care for his investment
Mammals- females lactate, and male don't contribute to much |
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Term
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Definition
| single male with several females |
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Term
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Definition
| single female multiple males |
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Term
| What factors dictate the number of females a male can monopolize? |
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Definition
| period of receptivity of sex by female...the number a male can control depends on availability of females and number of mates the male can defend |
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Term
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Definition
| reproduction done with one big event, annual plants and mayflies |
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Term
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Definition
| produce organisms in a series of separate events... most vertebrates and perennial plants |
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Term
| Under what circumstances might it be preferable to produce fewer larger young than many smaller ones? |
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Definition
| when offspring fitness is related to offspring size |
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Term
| Measurements used to asses reproductive allocation |
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Definition
| relative clutch mass, gonad weight to body weight, and seed crop weight to plant weight |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the combined effects of fecundity and survivorship |
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Term
| What does the expected reproductive value depend on |
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Definition
| expected future survivorship and fecundity |
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Term
| Reproductive value for an individual in a pop that is staying the same. |
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Definition
| total life-time expectations of reproductive output from its current age-class |
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Term
| Is the reproductive value lower or higher in an increasing pop. |
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Definition
| lower because of an individual's contribution of genes will be smaller |
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Term
| Is the reproductive value lower or higher in an a decreasing pop. |
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Definition
| Higher because genetic contribution will be worth more |
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Term
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Definition
| how reproduction affects rate of growth and survival....measured in the reduction in survivorship or rate of growth |
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Term
| Two reasons why there may a cost of reproduction... |
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Definition
1) loss of energy spent on reproduction may compromise other life sustaining activities
2) increased vulnerability to predation |
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Term
| What is meant by trade offs in life history patterns |
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Definition
| compromises in the way resources are allocated |
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Term
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Definition
| because they are part of the costs associated with reproduction |
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Term
| In terms of life histories what will be maximized by nat. selection |
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Definition
| the organism with the greatest total reproductive value |
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Term
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Definition
| size increase in individuals means higher expected reproductive values because of competition for mates, resources, or reduced predation risk |
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Term
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Definition
| expected future reproductive values are not affected or actually decrease with size...temporary ponds in which all individuals will die when it's gone/ habitats with no competition |
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Term
| Why did the dandelion variety inhabiting the undisturbed pasture produce the lowest number of flower heads? |
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Definition
| it was a size-beneficial habitat, which favored lower current reproductive allocation, with the expectation of increasing future reproductive value |
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Term
| How might the allocation of energy and resources to eggs rather than to growing reduce the reproductive value of lizards? |
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Definition
| Because fecundity is related to body size in lizards thus allocating energy to eggs reduces next year's facundity. |
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Term
| What reproductive strategy was seen in texas fence lizards? |
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Definition
| allocated more resource to eggs in areas with the highest mortalities |
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Term
| How don you account for the observed reproductive traits in the texas lizards? |
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Definition
| reproductive patters can be attribute to reproducing in a size neutral habitats |
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Term
| Reproductive strategy seen in the ohio fence lizards? |
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Definition
| Allocated less energy to the production of eggs thus less of them due to low mortality |
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Term
| How don you account for the observed reproductive traits in the Ohio lizards? |
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Definition
| The environment found in ohio was a size detrimental or neutral habitat |
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Term
| What did baker's study of seed size in Cali show? |
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Definition
| inverse relationship between seed weight & moisture |
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Term
| How do you interpret baker's results |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 ways in which observed differences in life history patterns might have come about |
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Definition
-proximate environmental factors
-evolutionary forces
-genetic |
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Term
| How do life-history variations that results from short term environmental responses differer from those that result from evolution? |
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Definition
| They difference is that those that result from evolution must be genetic |
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Term
| High and low altitude populations of Spiny Lizards |
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Definition
| Female lizards in low altitude population matured in their first year rather than in their second year as did those from higher altitudes...due principally to increased predation pressure |
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Term
| How would phylogenetic constraints limit the life-history patterns seen in an organism |
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Definition
| life histories that natural selection favors are not selected from an unlimited supply of variability but rather by that organism's phylogeny. |
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Term
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Definition
| Favors characteristics leading to high reproductive output |
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Term
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Definition
| Favors characteristics leading to higher efficiency or competitive ability |
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