Term
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Definition
| completely dependent. Ex, childcare very risky. need to have people care for him and her. the psychosocial conflict of infancy which is resolved positively if care giving is sympathetic and loving. |
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Term
| Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt |
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Definition
| 2nd Year; Infants learn to exercise will. make choices and control themselves or become uncertain. Ex. feeding,dressing herself. If she does it by herself and people are annoyed she becomes shameful and doubts her new abilities. "Maybe I should just let people do it for me." |
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Term
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Definition
| those that can be directly inferred from facial expressions, such as happiness, fear, anger and sadness. Everyone experiences and expresses all around the world from birth. Ex. if i point a gun to your head your face would change so would the other person regardless what they are. |
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Term
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Definition
| those involving injury to or enhancement of the sense of self, such as shame, embarrassment, guilt, pride, jealous etc. You learn from experience so you can express them. You learn them also by your culture and background. Ex. you learn that showing your underwear in public is embarrassing and wrong. |
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Term
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Definition
| effective match between parental practices and child temperament leads to favorable development and psychological adjustment. Kids are going to have different temperaments. Doesn't have to be a match between parental temperament and child parenting. You can change your parenting style. Parental temperament and Child practice |
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Term
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Definition
| stable individual differences in quality and intensity of emotional reaction, activity level, attention and emotional self regulation. "Baby personality" all babies have different personalities, some cooporate others don't. A lot of babies go back and fourth. No significant scale. Depend on parents, any baby is going to be different. Depends on your parenting. Ex. Your 1st baby was hard, 2nd baby average. 1st baby was easier so you know what to expect. |
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Term
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Definition
bowlby- strong, affectional tie that humans feel toward special people in their lives- helplessness, smile, social awareness. Baby who gets love, affection and cuddling turns out fine. Baby who gets mechanical turns out to have severe psychological problems or get failure to survive.
6 weeks of age, baby smiles. 3 months develop social awareness, know how to be interactive fun. |
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Term
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Definition
| infant's distressed reaction to the departure of the caregiver, tends to appear after 6 months. |
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Term
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Definition
infant's expression of fear in response to unfamiliar adults-appears after 6 months-not universal-not indicative of problems. Ex. grandma visits baby at 3 months, baby laughs with grandma. 6 months later, grandma visits again baby cries.
Just a side effect of cognitive development. Develops after object permanence. |
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Term
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Definition
relying on a trusted person's emotional reaction to decide how to respond in an uncertain situation. ex. Baby walks and falls wait to see if parents do anything. Get their cues from parents. If parent goes and runs over distressed baby cries b/c he sees the parent freak out.
-Baby also learn prejudice from parents behave. Ex. toddler sees a disabled man ask why are you in that chair? parent says leave him alone. Toddler grows up ignoring others who are different. |
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Term
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Definition
procedure involving short separations from and reunions with the caregiver that assesses the quality of attachment.
In a well equipped room, an infant is closely observed for 8 episodes, each lasting 3 minutes. First, caregiver and child are together. Then, a stranger or care giver enters or leaves playroom. Infants' responses indicate which type of attachment they have formed to their caregivers. |
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Term
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Definition
"emotional dance" in which caregiver responds to infant signals in a well-timed, appropriate manner and both match emotional states.
-Parent and child being on some length. Both can read signals pretty well. Emotional dance continues throughout life. Ex. teenager looks at parent to ask for something, then thinks again "Nah, not today, I'll ask tomorrow b/c they're gonna say no." |
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Term
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Definition
first 6 months or so, strictly a reflex reaction to physical discomfort, so no chance of "spoiling" taking place- after that, intentional manipulation enters the picture. -Don't know what baby is thinking, baby lives here and now.
If baby is crying it's a reflex to physical discomfort of some kind, not teaching baby if you ignore him. Not a good idea to let baby cry out. |
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Term
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Definition
| middle ear infection, most common cause to mild to moderate hearing loss. |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one's own. Ex. hide and seek with 3 yr old. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's second stage, in which rapid growth in representation takes place, but thought is not yet logical. Kids are thinkers, parents get frustrated when kids don't understand. Kids can't think up to the standards parents want. There are limitations. |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to understand that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same even when their outward appearance changes. Ex. two cups one is tall the other is thin both have same amount of liquid 3 yr old thinks the thin glass is more, can't conserve matter when object changes. can't look at height and width at the same time. Don't have the machinery to do it. |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to focus o none aspect of a situation and neglect other important features (one dimensional thinking) Ex. grandma's son, mommy's brother ca't think 2 at same time. |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to starting point. Ex. 2+3=5, so what's 5-3=? hard for kids to understand when backwards. |
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Definition
| the belief that anything that moves is "alive." Clouds move, kid wants parents to punish clouds. Ex. 2 kid thinks moon is following him. |
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Definition
reasoning my coincidence, if 2 things happen close together in time, linking them in cause and effect relation even if there's no logical connection. Ex. kid has night mare, next day kid cleans room.
-kid slams bike to pole, thinks it caused the blackout. |
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Term
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Definition
| memory that are encoded verbally and can be put into words. Ex. who's the 1st president of us? |
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Term
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Definition
| memories that are encoded nonverbally, usually habits and physical skills. Ex. tying your shoe. |
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Term
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Definition
| general descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation. Basic means through with children organize and interpret familiar experiences. Ex. kid ask when will grandma get here? Mom says, when sesame street is over, kid knows but doesn't know time. |
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Term
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Definition
| memories that are lost and can't be retrieved without help. Ex. Who's the 2nd president? can't find it until you get hints. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of helping one retrieve implicit memories with hints and cues. Ex. Kid left jacket, but doesn't know where. Parent: did you leave at school? at playground? at Johnny's house? |
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Term
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Definition
memories that are readily available and easily retrieved. Ex. SSN#, pin code #,
YOU JUST KNOW. |
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Term
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Definition
| general descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation. Basic means through which children organize and interpret familiar experiences. Ex. when will grandma be here? Mom says she will be here when daddy comes home. This is why preschool has a specific schedule everyday. |
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Term
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Definition
| thinking about thought, awareness of mental activities-improves but is still limited. "super thought/" Thinking about your thinking. Ex. after you're done with paper, you start thinking should I change it? |
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Term
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Definition
| quickly connecting a new word with an underlying concept. Figures out what words mean by seeing how people use them. Ex. 2 you hungry? Kid: yes, I'm feeling peckish. Ex. 3 Kid uses meriam as a symbol "i'm pissed off" |
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Term
| principle of mutual exclusivity |
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Definition
separate words mean separate concepts.
-are picking up vocab, thought complex. Ex. put a four year old in a room of 2 women, ask how many women are in this room? he says one. What about that person? that's mommy, not a woman. |
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Term
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Definition
| figuring out grammatical rules by observing how words and sentences are used. Figuring rules on your own. |
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Term
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Definition
| application of grammatical rules to words that are exceptions. Ex. some kids learn to add a final s to form the plural of a noun so a kid might say 2 cookies, rugs, glasses but they also use it incorrectly like 2 foots, tooths, sheeps, and mouses. |
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Term
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Definition
| practical, social aspect of language (slang, figures of speech, etc.) Ex. Bill Clinton sexual relations. the word sex is different when we use then from the dictionary. |
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Term
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Definition
| adult responses that elaborate on child's utterances, increasing complexity. Ex. What doing? parent: what am i doing? |
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Definition
| adult responses that restructure child's speech in more appropriate form (sibs). Ex. My foots are cold. parent: your feet are cold. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elementary. 3-5th Year; Child learns to initiate activities and enjoy accomplishments or they feel guilty at their attempts to be independent. Child becomes capable of creating ideas, if the child gets in trouble thinks it's better to follow or else feel guilty. |
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Term
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Definition
| set of attributes, abilities, attitudes and values an individual believes defines who he or she is- preschoolers define themselves in absolute terms; focus on activites and possessions; no subteties, integration, opposites- increased learning but still limited. Ex. tell me about yoursekf person talks a list about himself i'm kind, etc. Ask a preschooler I have pokemon cards. Kids think they're the greatest or the worst. |
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Term
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Definition
| aspect of self concept that involves judgements about one's own worth and the feelings associated with those judgments-how do you enhance it? Sense of worth as a person. |
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Term
| Developmental sequence of play |
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Definition
| solitary, parallel, associative, cooperative |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| child plays near other children with similar materials, but does not interact with them. |
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Definition
| children engaged in separate activities but they interact by exchanging toys and commenting on one another's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| full social participation in which children's actions are directed toward a common goal.-sequence of addition not exclusivity |
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Term
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Definition
| preschoolers are aware of the concept and treat friends differently from others- but friendships are temporary, materialistic and strictly equitable (tit for tat) |
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Term
| proscoial/altruistic behavior |
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Definition
| actions that benefit others without any expected reward. |
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Term
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Definition
| type of discipline in which the effects of the child's misbehavior on others are communicated to the child, appealing to the child's sense of reason and fairness |
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Term
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Definition
| demanding but low in responsiveness to children's rights and needs-conformity and obedience are valued over open communication with the child. strict punishment, high behavioral standards and little communication. |
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Term
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Definition
responsive but undemanding-overly tolerant
little discipline, guidance or control. These parents are nurturing and accepting they listen to whatever their kid say. They want to be helpful, but do not feel responsible for shaping their child. |
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Term
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Definition
| demanding and responsive-democratic approach in which the rights and needs of both the parents and child are respected. Parents demand maturity, but they are usually forgiving if the child falls short. They consider themselves guides, not authorities (as authoritarian parents) or friends (permissive parents). |
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Term
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Definition
| aimed at obtaining an object, privilege or space with no deliberate attempt to harm another person. |
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Term
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Definition
| intended to harm another person. |
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Term
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Definition
| harms others through physical injury or threat of such injury |
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Term
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Definition
| damages another's peer relationships (exclusion, rumors) |
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Term
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Definition
| process of developing gender roles or gender-linked preferences and behaviors valued by the larger society. |
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Term
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Definition
| image of oneself as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| type of gender identity in which person scores high on both traditionally masculine and feminine personality characteristics. Ex. boys are encouraged to be nurturing and girls to be assertive so that both will develop less restrictive, gender free concepts. |
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Term
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Definition
| understanding that sex remains the same despite superficialities. |
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Term
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Definition
| info processing approach to gender typing that focuses on interaction between environmental pressures and individual cognition. |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychoanalytic theory, the process leading to the formation of conscience in which children take the same sex parent's characteristics into their personality, thereby adopting the moral and gender role standards of their society. (oedipus complex and elektra complex.) |
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Term
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Definition
| the unconscious desire of young boys to replace their father and win their mother's exclusive love. |
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Term
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Definition
| the unconscious desire for girls to replace their mother and win their father's exclusive love. |
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Term
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Definition
| nearsightedness0inability to see distant objects 25% suffer |
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Term
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Definition
| greater than 20% increase over average body weight based on age, sex, and physical build-33% of american children suffer. |
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Term
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Definition
| measures how much has been learn in a specific area |
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Term
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Definition
| measures potential rather than actual accomplishment. |
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Term
| theory of multiple intelligences |
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Definition
| gardner's theory which identifies 8 independent intelligences on the basis of distinct sets of processing operations that permit individuals to engage in a wide range of valued activities-linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intra personal, and naturalistic |
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Term
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Definition
| the generation of a single correct answer to a problem. The type of cognition emphasized on intelligence tests. |
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Term
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Definition
| the generation of multiple and unusual possibilities when faced with a task or problem. Associated with creativity. |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific learning disability involving unusual difficulty with reading. Ex. a child might have trouble sounding out words but might excel in other reading skills, such as comprehension and memory of printed text. |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific learning disability involving unusual difficulty with writing. |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific learning disability involving unsual difficulty with math |
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Term
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Definition
| childhood disorder involving inattentiveness, impulsiveness, and excessive motor activity. Often leads to academic failure and social problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| placement of pupils with learning difficulties in regular classrooms for part of the day. |
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Term
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Definition
| placement of pupils with learning difficulties in regular classrooms for the entire school day. (special help from a trained teacher who worked with the regular teacher) |
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