Shared Flashcard Set

Details

EBM Summer Qtr
Week 1-3 Cards
58
Medical
Professional
09/14/2010

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
4 Fundamental Skills of EBM
Definition

Ask

Acquire

Appraise

Apply

Term
What does PICO stand for?
Definition

P- Patient or Problem

I- Intervention (Therapy, diagnosis, prognosis, etiology)

C- Comparison Intervention

O- Outcome

Term
4S approach to acquiring evidence
Definition

Computer Decision Support SYSTEMS

Pre-Appraised SYNOPSES (ACP Journal Club, Clinical Evidence, PIER)

Pre-Appraised SUMMARIES (Cochrane, NCI, CDC, UpToDate)

Original Published STUDIES (NLM, PubMEd, Ovid)

Term
Best study design for THERAPY:
Definition
Randomized Control Trial
Term
Best study design for DIAGNOSIS:
Definition
Cross-Sectional Survey
Term
Best study design for SCREENING:
Definition
Cross-Sectional Survey
Term
Best study design for PROGNOSIS:
Definition
Cohort Study
Term
Best study design for CAUSATION:
Definition

Cohort Study

Case-control study

Term
Best search term and study design for THERAPY:
Definition

RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIAL

 

Clinical Trial [pt]

pt=publication type

Term
Best search term and study design for DIAGNOSIS:
Definition

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

 

Sensitivity [tw]

tw= text word

Term
Best search term and study design for PROGNOSIS:
Definition

COHORT STUDY

 

Cohort Studies

Term
Best search term and study design for ETIOLOGY (harm):
Definition

COHORT STUDY or CASE-CONTROL STUDY

 

Risk [tw]

tw= text word

Term
What is the purpose of the INTRODUCTION in a journal article?
Definition

Statement of purpose and problem

Establish importance and rationale for research

Complements the discussion

Term
What is the purpose of the METHODS in a journal article?
Definition

Most important section

Research Design

Population Sample

Outcome Measures

Statistical Analyses

Term
What is the purpose of the RESULTS in a journal article?
Definition

Summary of sample and subgroups/outcome measures

Report research outcomes

Tables and Graphs

Results Stats

Term
What is the purpose of the DISCUSSION in a journal article?
Definition

Explains importance of results and how it relates

Examine for bias and inappropriate conclusions

Errors in statistical conclusions

Term
What is the purpose of the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS in a journal article?
Definition
Financial Information Disclosure
Term
Which research design is EXPERIMENTAL, LONGITUDINAL, and PROSPECTIVE?
Definition

Clinical Trial

(Controlled/Uncontrolled)

Term
Which research design is OBSERVATIONAL, COMPARATIVE, and LONGITUDINAL?
Definition

Cohort Trial

Future- Prospective

Past- Retrospective

Term
Which research design is OBSERVATIONAL, COMPARATIVE, and has the variable and outcome MEASURED AT THE SAME TIME?
Definition
Cross-Sectional Study
Term
Which research design is OBSERVATIONAL AND NON-COMPARATIVE?
Definition
Case Report or Case Series
Term
What are the advantages of a CLINICAL TRIAL?
Definition

Can produce strongest evidence for cause and effect

Can control for both measured and unmeasured variables

 

Term
What are the disadvantages of a CLINICAL TRIAL?
Definition

Often costly in time and money

Many research not suitable for intervention (ethics, rare outcomes)

Standardized interventions may be different from common practice (reducing generalizability)

Tends to restrict scope

Term
What are the advantages of a COHORT TRIAL?
Definition

Establishes sequence of events

Multiple predictors and outcomes

Number of outcomes grows over time

Yields incidence, relative risk, excess risk

(prospective)

more control over selection of subjects

(retrospective)

less expensive and shorter duration

Term
What are the disadvantages of a COHORT TRIAL?
Definition

Requires large sample size

Not feasible for rare outcomes

Can account for only measured variables

Stats may be much more complex than that of clinical trials

Term
What are the advantages of a CROSS-SECTIONAL TRIAL?
Definition

Relatively short duration

May study several outcomes

Good 1st step for Cohort study

Yields prevalence info for multiple predictors & outcomes

Term
What are the disadvantages of a CROSS-SECTIONAL TRIAL?
Definition

Does not establish sequence of events

Not feasible for rare predictors

Does not yield incidence or relative risk

Term
What are the advantages of a CASE-CONTROL TRIAL?
Definition

Useful for studying rare conditions

Short durations

Inexpensive

Small Sample Size

Yields odds ratios

Term
What are the disadvantages of a CASE-CONTROL TRIAL?
Definition

Bias and confounding from sampling two populations

Limited to one outcome variable

Does not establish sequence of events

Potential bias in measuring predictors

Does not yield prevalence, incidence, or excess risk info

Term
What are the advantages of CASE REPORTS(s)?
Definition

Easy to do

Lease expensive

Short duration

Often the basis for further research

Term
What are the disadvantages of a CASE REPORT?
Definition

Most prone to bias

Does not establish sequence of events

Potential bias in measuring predictors

Term
What is publication bias?
Definition
If a research study is published, it will usually only be so because it found something significant.
Term
What is NOMINAL DATA?
Definition

Qualitative data where numbers are used to classify data into GROUPS

(Only 2 groups = dichotomous)

Term
What is ORDINAL DATA?
Definition
Numbers are used to RANK data
Term
What is CONTINUOUS DATA?
Definition
Quantitative data where numbers are used to describe data at fixed intervals between values
Term
What is the MEAN in relation to central tendency?
Definition
Average of all the data [sum/# of data]
Term
What is the MEDIAN in relation to central tendency?
Definition
middle value of the data spread
Term
What is the MODE in relation to central tendency?
Definition
The value within the data that occurs most frequently
Term
What are commonly used measures of "spread"?
Definition

Range [largest value-smallest value]

Standard Deviation

Variance

Standard Error

Term
In a distribution of data that is skewed to the left, is the median or mean greater?
Definition
Median
Term
In a distribution of data that is skewed to the right, is the median or mean greater?
Definition
Mean
Term
In relation to kurtosis, a positive distribution will be what in comparison to normal?
Definition
More peaked
Term
In relation to kurtosis, a negative distribution will be what in comparison to normal?
Definition
More flattened
Term
A "Gaussian" spread an equal spread on either side of a symmetrical curve. Knowing this, how much of a population is included in 1 standard deviation?
Definition
68.2%
Term
To finish in the top 2.35% of our class, how many standard deviations do you need to get away from the mean?
Definition
2
Term
Two standard deviations is a "normal" spread. How much of a population is included in "normal"?
Definition

95%

+ or - 2 sd's

Term
What are the three ways you can describe NOMINAL DATA?
Definition

Proportion (a/a+b)

Percentage (Proportion * 100)

Ratio (a/b)

Term
Define the term INCIDENCE in relation to research studies:
Definition
Total number of new cases over a specified period of time
Term
Define the term PREVALENCE in relation to research studies:
Definition
Total number of cases of disease at a given point in time
Term
At what level when pulling 10 marbles from a 1000 marble bag of equal amounts of white/black marbles would the results be significant (not due to chance)?
Definition
1/9
Term
What are the 5 steps in hypothesis testing?
Definition

1- State the research hypothesis

2- Decide on the appropriate statistical test

3- Select the level of significance for the statistical test

4- Perform the calculation

5- Draw and (re)state the conclusion.

Term
Give an example of a NULL HYPOTHESIS:
Definition
There is no difference between a new treatment and a placebo or between two variables or treatments for the same study outcome
Term
Give an example of a ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS:
Definition
There is a significant difference between a treatment and a placebo on the same clinical problem.
Term
What is Type I error?
Definition
5% chance of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis
Term
What is Type II error?
Definition
Chance that we will accept the null hypothesis when it is actually false.
Term
When seeking information regarding a male patient with breast cancer, which BOOLEAN OPERATOR would be most useful with eliminating treatments for women?
Definition
NOT
Term
When trying to include all pieces of research and information regarding either of two different variables one would use the BOOLEAN OPERATOR:
Definition
OR
Term
When trying to search for all information that correlates between 2 different variables, excluding the info that only applies to one, a person would use which BOOLEAN OPERATOR?
Definition
AND
Supporting users have an ad free experience!