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Definition
| Evolution of complex networks of organic compounds before the origin of life. |
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| Idea that life is an innate property of organic matter. |
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| 1953 combination of organic chemicals yielded more complex organic molecules. |
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| Originally (Tyndall): air on earth was full of microscopic organisms Francis Crick: Life was intentionally seeded on earth by other planets. |
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| Species could be arranged in a linear sequence, “scala natura” (ladder of nature). |
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| All of nature is designed in accord with a predetermined, benevolent, and supernatural plan. |
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| “Wisdom of God”, natural theology-philosophical school that said everything in nature was perfect. |
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| Revived the natural theology movement, species were specially created, no change. |
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| Everything was perfectly adapted to its way of life (Paley, Ray) |
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| Systema Natura (1735): Classified organism—classes, orders, genus, species |
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Definition
| New species must be hybrids of existing species |
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| Histoire Naturelle: common ancestor, but specially created. |
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| New species were simply a degenerate version of a created species. |
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| Jeane Baptiste de Lamarck |
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Definition
| “Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics” Environment could evolve |
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Theory of Organic
Progression |
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Definition
| Organisms changed along fixed and parallel paths. |
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Definition
| Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (1844) Man descended from lower animals --System of Linear Development |
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| Evolution by natural selection, Galapagos islands Trip. |
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| Ship that Darwin and FitzRoy sailed to the Galapagos islands. |
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| Theory of Darwin based on evolution, nat selec |
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| 1st person to influence Darwin about evolution by natural selection. |
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| Radical family, popularized idea about population growing exponentially, resources not. |
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| Idea based on Malthus work |
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| Those with most ideal traits will survive |
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| Darwin’s bulldog, coined term “agnostic” fought for all of Darwins ideas |
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| 1866-garden pea experiment that discovered heredity. Dominant and reccesive genes |
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| Genetics and the Origin of Species (1937) fused genetics and field biology. Differences eventually lead to different species as barriers fell down and populations could not breed with one another. |
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| splits homogenous populations into smaller groups |
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| gradual and continual process-Darwin |
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| tiny particles carrying heredity (later known as genes) |
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| Allele that masks the other. |
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Definition
| Different sequences at the same location on different strands of DNA. Same loci may have different alleles on each homologous chromosome |
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Definition
| Allele that is not exhibited, hidden |
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Definition
| Carry copies of two different alleles |
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| Carry two copies of the same allele. |
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| Changes in the DNA sequence caused by radiation, viruses, etc. |
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Definition
| Puts together all work on genetics, populations, and evolution. |
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Definition
| Genetic differences within and outside of a species. |
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Definition
| Similar DNA, ability to breed together, same ancestral heritage, etc. |
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Definition
| Process by which new species arise. |
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Definition
| Contain the same genes at the same loci. |
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Definition
| One side of a two sided replicated chromosome |
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Definition
| Made up of amino acids, contains genetic code. |
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Definition
| Make up structural units of DNA and RNA. |
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Definition
| Two strands in a coiled helix, each made up of a series of organic compounds called nucleotide. |
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Definition
| Single strand of nucleotides. |
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Definition
| A sequence of three nucleotides, 64 possibilities, they code for amino acids |
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Definition
| Random alterations in genetic information, can occur during DNA replication. |
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| Meiosis shuffles existing variations into infinite new combinations. |
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Definition
| Huge number of new beings from small number of alleles |
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Definition
| Two identical diploid daughter cells |
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Definition
| Turn one diploid cell into four haploid daughter cells (gametes) |
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Definition
| Organisms with one of each type of chromosome (1N) |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms with two of each type of chromosome (2N) |
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Term
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Definition
| Homologous chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, for a brief time they are physically joined together..one homologous chromosome goes to each daughter cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The direction each chromosome takes during reduction division is random. |
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Term
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Definition
| During reduction division, homologous chromosomes are briefly joined, exchange genes or groups of genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural selection favors one specific trait and therefore shits population towards same allele frequency |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Definition
1908-If large populations mate randomly, the proportion of two alleles will never change.
Gene frequencies will always be in equilibrium
But all assumptions are wrong… |
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Term
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Definition
| The change in gene frequency over time proves evolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four evolutionary processes: Natural selection, genetic drift, mutations, and gene flow. |
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Definition
| Transfer of alleles from one population to another |
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Definition
| Reproduction as a result of to genetically related animals |
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Definition
| Staying with one partner at a time |
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Definition
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| One sex has multiple partners of another sex. |
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Definition
| One sex animal has a permant relationship with several other animals of opposite sex. |
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Definition
| The gene pool of an isolated population will be a random subset of the gene pool of the parent population. |
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Definition
| Change in relative frequency due to “chance” of the genetic “lottery” |
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Definition
| Any factor that acts to reduce or block the flow f genes between two populations. Geographic, Reproductive |
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Term
| Temporal Isolating Mechanism |
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Definition
| Population becomes isolated in time,(shift in breeding season) |
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| Behavioral Isolating Mech |
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Definition
| Changes in behavior, especially courtship and mating behavior, (change in courtship) |
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| Mechanical Isolating Mech |
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Definition
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| Ecological Isolating Mech |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Similar lineage, DNA, etc |
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Definition
| Natural selection favors one specific trait and therefore shits population towards same allele frequency |
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Definition
| Stabilizes the population around some average value |
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Definition
| The environment selects for the two extremes, against the average, splitting the population in two or more types. |
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Definition
| 1. Biodiversity, 2. Biogeography, 3. Fossil Records, 4. Embryology, 5. Comparative Anatomy, 6. Molecular Evolution |
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Definition
| Increased amount of dark pigmentation due to industrial pollution |
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Definition
| Small scale changes in allele frequency |
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Definition
| Small scale changes in allele frequency |
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Definition
| Changes above the level of species |
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Definition
| Population becomes better suited for its habitat |
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Definition
| Structurally and developmentally similar, even though they may be put to very different uses..derived from common ancestor, divergent evolution |
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Definition
| Evolve because there are a limited number of solutions to evolutionary challenge. convergent evolution |
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| .J. Gould & Niles Eldredge, fossil records suddenly shift because new species drives old into extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria, Achaea, Protista, Animalia, Plantae, Fungi |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Everything Else (eukaryotic cells) |
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Definition
| Evolutionary history of organisms |
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Definition
| Any rank in classification, a collection of related organisms |
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Definition
| The description, naming, and classification of living organisms |
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Definition
| System based on shared, derived characteristics |
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Definition
| Branch on the tree of life |
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Definition
| Determined by the traits they share, traits that are different from their ancestors |
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Definition
| Trait that is shared by two or more taxa |
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Definition
| Taxon contains the common ancestor and all of its descendants |
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Definition
| Contains common ancestor but only some descendants (most similar) |
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Definition
| Contains some descendant species but no common ancestor (may even come from different ancestors) |
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Definition
| Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Definition
| Ability to move spontaneously and actively |
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Definition
| Genus of rod-shaped bacteria |
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Definition
| Bacteria with spherical shell |
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Definition
| Bacteria with spiral type shell |
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Definition
| Unicellular, (Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryote), lack a cell nucleus, lack membrane-bound organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| Much more complex, took 2 more billion years to evolve |
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Definition
| Some bacteria are this, self-feeder, produce their own energy. (ie photosynthesis, chemosynthetic, etc ) |
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Term
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Definition
Some bacteria are this, fed by others.
Herbivores, Carnivores, or Omnivores. |
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Definition
| Get their energy from dead and decaying matter, secrete enzyme that digests outside of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Get their energy from dead and decaying matter, secrete enzyme that digests outside of the cell |
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Definition
| Bacteria can turn atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into a form that plants can use (NH3-ammonium) |
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Definition
| Nodules on roots that present nitrogen fixation for plants |
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Definition
| Nodules on roots that present nitrogen fixation for plants |
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Definition
| Enlarged structure where nitrogen fixation takes place, on Cyanobacteria |
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Definition
| Thick mats, go back 2.7 billion years, one of the first ecosystems on Earth –usually made up of cyanobacteria |
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Definition
| Photosynthetic (blue green algae), created earth’s first oxygen atmosphere, dominated ecosystem for 1,900 million |
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Definition
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Definition
| dinoflagellates (Ceratium, Gonyaulax) |
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| brown algae (Fucus, Sargassum, kelp) |
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Definition
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Definition
| red algae (Polysiphonia, Nemalion) |
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Definition
| microorganisms that photosynthesize |
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Definition
| passive transfer from high concentration to low concentration |
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Definition
| enveloping something with membrane into a vacuole |
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Definition
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Definition
| thickening agent extracted from red algae |
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Definition
| consists of fossilized remains of diatoms, a type of hard-shelled algae |
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Definition
| dinoflagellate algae species |
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| Many bacteria are pathogenic, like those that cause syphilis, botulism, strep throat, tetanus, scarlet fever, meningitis, toxic shock, dysentery, and bubonic plague. |
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Definition
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| Cyanobacteria created our oxygen atmosphere, and account for most of the oxygen being added today. |
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Definition
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| Ironically, we also owe many of our most effective antibiotics to bacteria: streptomycin, aureomycin, and neomycin, to name a few. |
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Definition
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| Bacteria are the basis for most food chains. Most of the animals you will see in the next several weeks include bacteria in their diet. We use them to make cheese and yogurt. |
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Definition
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| Bacteria and fungi are the primary decomposers of dead organic matter, recycling materials on a planetary scale for other organisms to use. |
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Definition
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| Many bacteria, like Rhizobium, can perform nitrogen fixation, creating fertile soil for plants. |
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Definition
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Term
| Algae and protozoa are important prey in food chains. Even humans eat algae |
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Definition
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| Many protozoans are important disease causing organisms (malaria, toxoplasmoisis, amoebic dysentery) |
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Definition
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| Dinoflagellates cause billions of dollars in damage to the seafood industry, and are important symbionts in corals and other marine animals. |
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Definition
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| An extract of red algae is used to make paint, cosmetics, and ice cream. |
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Definition
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| Protozoans gave rise to all higher forms of animal life. |
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Definition
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| Bacteria first mastered the fine art of photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria established the oxygen atmosphere we breathe today. Diatoms are a primary source of the current atmospheric oxygen from photosynthesis. |
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