Term
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Definition
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Term
| Natural history of HIV/AIDS epidemic |
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Definition
*1981 recognized
*infected >65 million people
*25 million already died
*7.2% of Africa infected |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of bodily fluid to a)mucous membrane b)into bloodstream by 1)sex 2)needle sharing 3)transfusion 4)childbirth and breastfeeding |
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Term
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Definition
| transcribes virus RNA into DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| splices DNA genome into host cell's genome |
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Term
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Definition
| prepares new viral proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| HIV parasitizes helper T cells, allowing 2ndary infections |
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Term
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Definition
| stem cells in marrow -> naive T cells in thymus -> activated in lymph nodes -> prilferates to yield effector and memory cells |
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Term
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Definition
| short lived, finite replication # |
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Term
| acute/initial phase of HIV |
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Definition
| virions enter body, attach to CD4 protein w/coreceptor CCR5, replicate infecting dendritic, macrophage, regulatory T cells, memory and effector. THEN [] virions climbs steeply, CD4 T cells plummets |
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Term
| end of acute phase of HIV |
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Definition
| viral replication slows, [] drops, killer T cells target infected cells |
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Term
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Definition
| immune system a) recover b) continue to fight. HIV targets increased CD4 and naive and marrow |
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Term
| end of chronic phase of HIV. beginning of AIDS |
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Definition
| viral [] climbs, CD4 count falls, helper T [] below 200 cells/mm^3. characterized by many infections |
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Term
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Definition
| helps block reverse transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| virions evolved to be resistant via mutation rate (no correction machinery) |
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Term
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Definition
| replicates fastest in current environment |
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Term
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Definition
| transcription errors -> mutations -> varying resistance to AZT |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutant virions pass on genes> heritable |
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Term
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Definition
| during AZT treatment, some virions > survival and reproduction than others |
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Term
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Definition
| virions that persist are those with mutations conferring resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| short piece of viral protein displayed on surface, encoded |
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Term
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Definition
| HOW does it work/develop? |
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Term
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Definition
| WHY did something evolve/from what? |
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Term
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Definition
| transitional form between dinosaurs and birds (reptile with wings) |
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Term
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Definition
| answers WHY things evolved |
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Term
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Definition
Overproduction of offspring
Variation among individuals
Variations affect survival and reproduction based on environment
Variations are heritable |
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Term
| Precursor evo biologists to Darwin |
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Definition
| Erasmus Darwin, Lamarck, Chambers. lacked mechanism, branching |
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Term
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Definition
| blending leads to rare mutations overwhelmed |
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Term
| Lord Kelvin/William Thompson |
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Definition
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Term
| evidence for evolution (5) |
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Definition
| 1) fossils 2) biogeography 3) patterns of homologies 4) selection obs 5) adaptation obs |
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Term
| Alternative theories to NS |
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Definition
| a) branching descent (creation/evolution w/o brancing) or b)selection/adaptation (inherit acquired traits/design/orthogenesis) |
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Term
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Definition
| theory that successive members of an evolutionary series become increasingly modified in a single undeviating direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| fossil remains of an organism that lived in a particular geologic age, used to identify or date |
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Term
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Definition
Constant decay rate
Measure present ratio
Initialization of clock |
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Term
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Definition
Astralagus bone with upper & lower pulley unique to artiodactyls
places whales as an artiodactyl (even-toed ungulutes), group with pigs, hippos, cows |
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Term
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Definition
Unique place of origin
Time to spread since origin
Ability to spread |
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Term
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Definition
| Note barriers (oceans/mtns/deserts) that separate zones containing quite distinct assemblages of animals |
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Term
| Wallace's line between Oriental and Australian provinces |
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Definition
| Puzzling boundary due to the fact that the previous jurassic continents were split there. Early mammals present 195 mya, so radically different but related |
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Term
| Cactaceae vs. Euphorbiaceae |
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Definition
| only found in new world vs. old world replacement. |
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Term
| Exceptions to range and dispersal |
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Definition
| not limited by time (old sp.) or not limited by space (mobile sp.) |
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Term
| Hawaii as case study of evolution |
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Definition
| isolated and unpopulated. whatever blew over colonized and proliferated. [not BEST, rather FIRST] (honeycreepers, drosophila, :) spider) |
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Term
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Definition
| reptiles/amphib: -sea turtle. mammals: -seals/bats. fresh h20fish: -evolved from salt h20 |
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Term
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Definition
Because closest relatives live where our ancestors came from
AFRICA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why retain signs of the past |
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Definition
need mutations
need long-term selection
need to not affect other traits adversely
Some traits not strongly selected to change |
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Term
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Definition
| nested! predicted by branching evo. explains fxn from ancestral traits. explains useless traits. except when same trait evolves twice. predicts which traits conserved. |
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Term
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Definition
Universal (almost)
Arbitrary (more or less)
Hard to change |
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Term
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Definition
| lose function slowly/other traits change. eg. eels lost eyes, birds lost wings, snakes lost feet, whales lost legs, beetles lost flight, fish lost sight, extra bone in chicken limbs, |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| molecular vestigial traits |
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Definition
| Pseudogenes; No funciton! indels, stop codons, frame shift |
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Term
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Definition
| can restore lost traits by combining different species/genes |
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Term
| developmental vestigial traits |
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Definition
| don't "lose programming"...bird hindlimb, fish sight, |
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Term
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Definition
| small scale change (in population dynamics) |
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Term
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Definition
| dramatic change seen in phenotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of correspondence between fossil and living forms from same locale |
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Term
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Definition
| mix of features. typical ancestral traits and novel traits. |
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Term
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Definition
| dogs, pigeons, wild cabbage, tomatoes, potatoes, etc. livestock |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar species occur together regionally, making sense if common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| myth! it's arbitrary based on what is available and CURRENTLY most fit. ex. testes, Recurrent laryngeal nerve, Daphne major finches: decline in seeds -> decline in corresponding finches, [] other finches increased |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| parasitic wasps, Kittiwakes extra eggs,sharks eat placenta, |
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Term
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Definition
| include roots, nodes (common ancestors), branches (clades), terminal taxa |
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Term
| additional information on phylogenies |
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Definition
| time, amount of change, particular character changes, confidence/uncertainty in groupings |
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Term
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Definition
| ancestor and all of its descendents |
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Term
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Definition
| a trait evolves independently twice; octopus and human camera eyes, human + orangutan enamel, bird+bat wings |
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Term
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Definition
| convergence or reversal appear as homology |
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Term
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Definition
| make sure trait is the SAME (not convergence) |
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Term
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Definition
| majority rule: use as many characters as possible then most SIMILAR most related. paraphyletic ok |
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Term
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Definition
| shared derived homologies = synapomorphies. MINIMIZE change |
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Term
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Definition
| shared derived: not possessed by common ancestor of ALL taxa |
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Term
| shared ancestral homology |
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Definition
| possessed by common ancestor of ALL taxa being tested |
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Term
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Definition
Fossils
Development
Outgroup
Assume most changes between most distant
Gene duplication |
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Term
| Procedure for phylogenies. Step 1 |
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Definition
| find best unrooted network (including outgroup) |
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Term
| Procedure for phylogenies. Step 2 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Assume most changes between most distant. no outgroup, assumes evo. is constant |
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Term
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Definition
| orthologous or paralogous |
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Term
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Definition
| genes in different species that are similar to each other because they originated from a common ancestor. |
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Term
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Definition
| gene duplication event > sometimes function is distinct in different copies, can be in same or different species |
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Term
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Definition
| parsimony assumes duplication preceded branching |
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Term
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Definition
| based on COMMON ANCESTRY. try to find the SHORTEST TREE. shared ancestral traits don't count. MONOPHYLETIC only |
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Term
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Definition
Huge number of characters
Characters similar, comparable (ACGT)
Don't need expertise on morphology
Little ecological convergence
(but can have random convergence of individual characters)
Relatively constant rate of evolution |
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Term
| choosing correct sequence |
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Definition
| fast evolving=recent, vice versa. enough change to see pattern, not enough for homoplasy |
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Term
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Definition
| nodes separated by little time/traits are less certain |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) experimental phylogeny 2) fossil corroboration |
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Term
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Definition
| Resample the characters replacement at random, Construct a new tree from this data set. % of time present is reliability number. 70+ certain |
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Term
| why use amino acids not DNA for evolution? |
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Definition
| single base pair (esp. 3rd base) mutations seem significant without changing proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| map changes in particular characters to test hypotheses about those characters. Use parsimony. eg. SIV->HIV |
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Term
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Definition
| evolves because it served one function but then it may come to serve another. eg. neonatal skull |
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Term
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Definition
| species evolves to use a preexisting structure inherited from an ancestor for a potentially unrelated function |
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Term
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Definition
| section of a phylogeny in which the evolutionary relationships can not be fully resolved |
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Term
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Definition
| Diversity attained by shifting onto angiosperm plants as flowering plants radiated (recently) |
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Term
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Definition
| pollinators, leaf-cutter ants, parasitic wasps, aphids and bacteria, termites |
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