• CS felt betrayed by G.B. & Fr in 1938 when taken over by the Nazi's
• Hun & Romania had domestic pressure, so joined Axis
• Pol & Yug fought but were crushed in the end
• All of these countries eventually conquered by Red Army = Soviet Influence & communism

Western half Christianized & Catholic

(Pol, Cz, Slov, Croats)

Eastern half Christianized from Constantinople = Eastern Orthodox

= deepened regions differences with each other.

Absolutist monarch.

They defined their positions through law which increased their sovereignity & nationality which is stronger than loyalty to lords or feudal courts.

- Weak in eastern Europe -

• Middle class developed in w. Euro = stable & enthusiastic base of support for nt. st., also better educated which = better mil. officers
• E. Euro held on to feudal system longer. Lots of peasants. 

• 14th Cent. tried to go as far as Vienna, had to retreat to Istanbul (1453)
• Brutal b/c no ties to the people they administered. 
• Empire was loose & sloppy = why it fell
• 1687 Austrians defeated Turks in Hungary
• Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) - took much of lands to Haps, Itl, Pol
• "Sick man of Europe" by 1913 only had Turkey

1278-1918

• Every country but Albania & Bulg under empire
• 1620 Catholic Haps beat Prot Czechs
• Traded on Danube (Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest)
• 1848 Hung revolted = 1867 = Aust- Hun Empire
• 1878 Austria occupied Bosnia, 1914 Bosnian student killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo
• Serbia asked Ru for help, Aust asked Ger = WWI

• Wanted old borders of 17th Cent. done with mil force- took heavy ind. part of Upper Silesia, Ger (orig. Pol)
• Teschen divided b/w Pol & CS
• Took Vilnuis (capital of Lith)
• In Kiev, Ukraine but Bolshe pushed to Warsaw: Treaty of Riga

1919, ethnographic e. boundary for Poland

w. Lith, Belarus, Ukraine on e.

both Poles & Bolshe. ignored it

current border is approx this line

1920

Hung major loser after war

This gave 72% to Cz, Yugo, Rom

1/3 of Hun lived outside of borders

All Hung mad = fascitic pol. movements

1918

WWI King Alexander of Serbia started arg. for multintl state (Versaille OK'd b/c Serbs were allies)

"Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, Slovenes" (Yugo 1929)

So many different cultures = problems

• Gained in WWI but unable to hold on till WWII
• Neutral at start of WWI but joined allies in 1916, worked in their favor b/c got Transylvania & Banat region
• After WWI, Rom 2x big = problems w/ minorities (heightened anti Semitism)

• 1st Balkan War- 1912-13 , pushed Turk to current borders. 
• Still claimed Mac, Serb, Greece
• Attacked in 2nd Balkan War 1913- Rom & Turk joined & Bul lost on both sides
• 1915, Ger gave Bul better deal than allies 
• Bul got close to Ger in 30's, G gave B s. Dobrudja from Rom = Bul Axis

Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization

• Guerilla warfare & terrorism in Macedonia
• Assassinated King Alex (yugo) 1934, backed by Itl & Hung
• Staged coup of Bul PM Stambuliski 1923
• Raids in Yugo increased
• Coup in 1934 crushed group

People looking for scapegoats b/c of social stress (Great Depression)

Helped lead to fascist takeovers & alignment w/ Nazi's

Only not in Bul & Alb

• Ruled by Tomas Masaryk & Dr. Eduard Benes (intellectuals)
• Did well as dem., Cz ruled over Sl. 
• Major land reform made peasants land holders who liked dem
• Sudenten G. fell under Nazi's 
• Pulled apart by ntlities eventually

• Hung- tried to make democracy but b/c so defeated after war, hard to rally behind him
• Tried to gain Trans but allies forced to stop, event = dead demo.
• Bela Kun & communist takeover 

• Lead Comm takeover of Hun.
• Bolshevik trained- tried to start Bol. Revo in Buda

• Hun, restored monarchy but no good monarchs to put in
• Monarchy w/o monarch, admiral w/o a sea
• Great Dep. hit hard = paved way to align w/ Ger

Romania

Had major land reform but land to small to work well

Son Carol abdicated, event came to power after G. Dep

1938 Royal Dictator, 40 fled = Hitler's

Hungary

Bulgaria

= German-Italian Axis Powers

Poland

Czechslovakia

Yugoslavia

= Go towards Fr b/c wanted Germany to lose

France Sponsored 1920-21

Treaty w/ Cz, Yug, Rom

Poland didn't join b.c busy with R & G & exaggerated Teschen region 

= no e. Euro alliance

Nazi arranged deals for food & raw materials for G. manufactured goods

Dependent on G in G. Dep b/c thought they were the only ones who would trade w. them

• Sudenten G- didnt want to be ruled by Prague but that was Cz's only defense in that area, Fr GB pressured Cz to give it up
• Know Sl. didn't like Cz rule
• Gave Pol Teschen area
• Vienna Award- gave Hun s. Slov & s. Ruthenia & took 125 m of Cz territory = Hun tied to G

• German Comm propped up by Stalin
• founded KPD
• Elected to Reichstagg as Comm in 1928 (G. Dep)
• Worked way to top
• Proclaimed G. Dep Rep (e. G)
• built Berlin Wall 1961 
• always supported Stalin

Communist International

• 1919 Lenin made strict standards for comm = had to enter Comintern
• Controlled network of parties that followed Moscow
• Event. led to Hitler's takeover of G 1933s
• Stalin told parties not to coop w/ other parties b/c wanted to make them look illegit
• Hitler's KPD broke with SPD = Hitler's takeover

• Pol taken over by Hitler (e. Euro didn't interfere b/c of Stalin)
• But then Hitler attacked S.U. & then all comm fight off fascist
• Communist leaders fled to Moscow
• Alb, Bul, Slov guerilla warfare against G, Tito's Yugo too
• 1941 Hitler conq. Yugo
• Guerilla's in Yugo secured Comm rule after war
• Russia nice to Serbs & Monte. (saved from Turks)

Poland had underground non- comm movement

Formed home Army (answer to exiled Pol govt)

Asked SU to help drive out G & SU let G kill Pol patriots

SU then took Warsaw

• Served in Comintern
• 1939 named general secretary of Yugo Comm Party
• 1945 troops liberated s. half of Yugo (S.U. had n.)
• Prez of Yugo until death in 1980

Sept 1939, Stalin took e. Pol

S.U. captured 230,000 Pol soldiers & put them in R in Katlyn Forest

Mass graves of 1000's

SU denied, blamed G but G not in Pol until 1941

Stalin did it to weaken Pol

= tensions bw Pol & SU

Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill

• Focused on Poland
• W. allies liberated Fr. SU liberated Pol, Hun, Yugo, Rom, 1/2 Cz (Stalin felt he earned those lands)
• Ger. disarmed
•  Pol moved westward as R acquired some of it., Pol got some of G

• Communists didn't immediately take over, took their time. except in Yugo & Albania
• Stalin set up Comm. puppets in countries one slice at a time.
• Done gradually not to alarm w.
• Also = less uprisings from non Comm (idea to make confusing & chaotic) 
• Comm always in interior or def. ministries
• Gave peasants old G. occupied homes = :) peasants

Polish

Supported SU, joined Stalin's Pol Comm of Ntl Liberation (Lublin Poles = Stalin's puppets)

Comm rigged election = comm Prez

1948-49

w. Konrad Adenauer founded Fed Rep of G 1949

4 zones in Berlin with occupation by GB, USA, Fr, SU

Led to Cold War

Czech foreign minster after WWI

Devout democrat and patriot

March 1948 body found in courtyard in Vysherad. 

Signals death of demo & comm control taking over

Bulgaria

Prime Minster

1935 leader of Comintern- perfect Stalinist

Fatherland Front- controlled by Comms

1946 referendum abolished monarchy = Dim. power

Albania

Moved quickly to become Comm leader. rigged elections 1946

• Am. believed Russian attack soon b/c Stalin's troops in e. Euro
• Stalin's commies in W. Euro trying to help him weaken Euro
• W. Ger revitalized with Marshall Plan
• Berlin Airlift 1948-49

Comm party needs to be the govt for it to exist w/ head of party the most powerful figure

All ministers are high ranking Comm figures

Use of security services

Most powerful Soviet ministry

Secret Police for Stalin in last decades

Knew what was always going on in e. Euro

May 1955

Eastern block version of NATO

Provided legal grounds for Soviet forces in e. bloc & crushing breakaway regimes (largest in e. G, also in Pol, Cz, Hun)

1960's none in Balkans, never in Rom. 

"Protecting form imperialist western Europe"

Alb. dropped out in 1961

1948 big split b/c of "Greater Yugoslavia"

Com Info Bureau expelled Tito out

Titoism born

Led to Yugo becoming more western (opened up free market)

Event. disstabilizing element in e. Euro

Plzen 1953 (always liked US), 1st

E. Berlin 1953, w. G heavily reported it

Poznam, Pol 1953- Bierut was comm leader, named Gomulka chief (Khrush eventually accepted)

Less censorship and collective farms disappeared but still under Soviet influence. 

• American initiative to fight system with economic rehab to destroyed countries
• G & Aus bad after WWII
• Allies wanted to prevent mistakes made after WWI in Versaille
• Offered to SU but declined as well as all satellites.
• Confirmed Cold War

Auth: attempt to observe status quo, prevent changes that are eminant, preserve existing division & shape

Tot: Destroys old base of power, eliminate any possible resistance, spillovers to all aspects of life, eliminate all non-pol civil society, passive obedience & active support

Both: trying to bring change, claim to know history & predict the future