Term
| Average Salinity of seawater? |
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Definition
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Term
| Seawater is comprised of? |
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Definition
• Sodium chloride (NaCl)
• Magnesium chloride (MgCl2)
• Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4)
• Potassium bromide (KBr)
• Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
• Hydrogen borate (H3BO3)
• Strontium Chloride (SrCl2)
• Sodium fluoride (NaF) |
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Term
| Where did the salts and water come from? |
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Definition
| Salts- volcanic outgassing and from the continents; the water was mainly from volcanic outgassing |
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Term
| Two factors that influence Seawater Density? |
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Definition
salinity and temperature (An increase in salinity adds dissolved substances and results in an increase in seawater density.
An increase in temperature causes water to expand and results in a decrease in seawater density.) |
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Term
| Where are the oceans the saltiest? |
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Definition
| At the subs tropic high zone at 20 to 30 degrees north and south latitude. |
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Term
| What is the El Niño event? |
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Definition
| A southern oscillation. It is a quasi-periodic climate pattern that occurs across the tropical Pacific Ocean. It is characterized by variations I the temperature of the surface of the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Happens roughly every five years. |
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Term
| By what means and how fast is Sound Transmission produced? |
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Definition
| 4700 feet per second, sonar |
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Term
| What is the Greenhouse Effect? |
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Definition
| The transmission of short-wave solar radiation by the atmosphere coupled with the selective absorption of longer-wavelength terrestrial radiation, especially by water vapor and carbon dioxide. |
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Term
| What is the cause of the greenhouse effect? |
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Definition
| Human activity- burning fossil fuels |
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Term
| What causes seasons to change? |
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Definition
| The tilting of the Earth on its axis and the Earth revolving around the Sun. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1)Wave of oscillation= within the wave the water molecules follow a circular to elliptical orbit and don’t actually move along with the wave form. Mainly deep water waves. 2)Wave of translation= within the wave the water molecules move forward along with the wave form. Form at the beach where waves begin to break. |
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Term
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Definition
| circular motion rapidly diminishes until ½ wavelength measured from still water level, movement of H2o particles becomes negligible. |
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Term
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Definition
| the horizontal distances separating successive crests or troughs (speed) |
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Term
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Definition
| the vertical distance between the trough and crest of a wave (LotoH + Salinity) |
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Term
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Definition
| the time interval between the passages of successive crests at a stationary point. |
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Term
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Definition
| a measurement of how often a recurring event such as a wave occurs in a measured amount of time. |
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Term
| Critical ratio for a breaking wave? |
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Definition
| 1:7 (wave height vs. wave length) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| generation of waves from the sea. |
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Term
| What three factors control the size of a wave? |
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Definition
1)Speed of the wind
2)Duration- length of time the wind has blown
3)Fetch- distance that the wind has traveled across the open water |
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Term
| Mixed Interference Pattern |
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Definition
swell wave trains combine; producing unpredictable and complex wave patterns and heights.
-may produce rogue waves extremely large unpredictable waves that can be very dangerous to ships |
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Term
| Constructive Interference Pattern |
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Definition
| occurs at a point when the two waves arriving there one vibrating in the same direction (in phase). Hence, two waves are added together to form a bigger one |
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Term
| Destructive Interference Pattern |
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Definition
| occurs at a point when the two waves arriving there are vibrating in the opposite directions. Hence, the two waves cancel one another out. |
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Term
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Definition
| bending of waves affects distribution of energy along the shore and thus strongly influences where and to what degree erosion, sediment transport, and deposition will take place |
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Term
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Definition
| a wave will hit something then bounce off of it |
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Term
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Definition
| waves that have contact with ocean front, wave will tend to reflect back to sea at an angle equal to its approach. Reflected waves may form wave interference patterns with original incoming wave fronts. |
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Term
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Definition
A high flood of water caused by wind and associated with hurricanes.
>violent due to exclusively by the tidal shift in sea level (huge waves) |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by displacement of the seafloor due to earthquakes or explosions. (Massive wave[s]) |
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Term
| Mixed zone (50-1000 meters deep) |
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Definition
| The action of the wind blowing over the water surface generates waves that penetrate deeply into this layer. As the waves travel and eventually break, they continually overturn and churn this layer.Most ocean life lives in this layer due to the availability of sunlight to drive photosynthesis.Gases are exchanged with the atmosphere at the top of this layer, and water is lost by evaporation and recovered in the form of precipitation. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a zone of transition between the well-mixed surface layer and the deep ocean (abyssal) waters. It is characterized by a decrease in temperature and increase in salt content with increasing depth. |
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Term
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Definition
| This layer occupies the bulk of the ocean. It is dark (since sunlight does not penetrate this deep) and cold, with a temperature very close to ~4° C, the temperature at which liquid water is most dense. These waters contain a relatively high salt content. Mixing is generally very slow. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively sharp discontinuity in ocean salinity at a particular depth. In general, water with a higher concentration of salinity sinks below water that is less saline; therefore, saltier haloclines lie below less salty ones. An exception is the surface halocline of the Arctic Ocean, which is both colder and more saline than the warmer Atlantic water beneath it and which protects the polar ice from melting from below |
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Term
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Definition
| A layer of water in which there is a rapid change in temperature in the vertical dimension |
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Term
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Definition
| a short wall built at a right angle to the shore to trap moving sand |
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Term
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Definition
| two groins that keep an inlet of a river open |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure protecting a near shore area from breaking waves |
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Term
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Definition
| a barrier constructed to prevent waves from reaching the area behind the wall. Its purpose is to defend property from the force of breaking waves. |
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Term
| Five types of Ocean Sediments |
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Definition
| Lithogenous, Biogenous, Marine, Cosmogenous, Hydrogenous |
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Term
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Definition
| broken bits of rock, coral |
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Term
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Definition
| seafloor sediments consisting of material of marine-organic origin>plankton |
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Term
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Definition
| is any material derived from space ranging from fine cosmic dust to eject from meteorite impacts |
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Term
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Definition
| seafloor sediments consisting of mineral that crystallize from sea water. An important example is manganese nodules. |
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Term
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Definition
| the gently sloping submerged portion of the continental margin extending from the shoreline to the continental slope |
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Term
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Definition
| the steep gradient that leads to the deep-ocean floor and marks the seaward edge of the continental shelf |
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Term
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Definition
| the gently sloping surface at the base of the continental slope |
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Term
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Definition
| a seaward extension of a valley that was cut on the continental shelf during a time when sea level was lower, or a canyon carved into the outer continental shelf, slope, and rise by turbidity currents |
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Term
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Definition
| very level area of the deep-ocean floor, usually lying at the foot of the continental rise |
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Term
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Definition
| a submerged flat-topped seamount |
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Term
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Definition
| an isolated volcanic peak that rises at least 1000 meters (300 ft) above the deep-ocean floor |
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Term
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Definition
| a continuous elevated zone on the floor of all the major ocean basins and varying in width from 500 to 5000 kilometers (300 to 3000 mi) the rifts at the crests of these |
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Term
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Definition
| a long, narrow zone where one lithospheric plate descends beneath another |
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Term
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Definition
| a major strike-slip fault that cuts through the lithosphere and accommodates motion between two plates |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st layer, bottom layer in which we live where temperature decreases with an increase in atmosphere, weather occurs here. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd layer, temperature remains constant to a temp of 20 kilometers. The ozone occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the atmosphere composed of? |
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Definition
| Primarily nitrogen and oxygen with CO2 and water vapor, most important weather gas is water vapor. |
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Term
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Definition
is the spinning of the earth about its axis
Revolution- the movement of earth around the orbit of the sun |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lines of constant or equal atmospheric pressure on a weather map. |
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Term
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Definition
| a line that connects points on map that have the same temperature |
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Term
| Mechanisms of heat transfer |
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Definition
| conduction, convection, radiation, and cloud cover/albedo. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| located adjacent to red and having an longer wavelength. Can’t see it but can detect it as heat. |
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Term
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Definition
| closest and visible waves to violet responsible for sunburn after being in the sun. |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference is that an aneroid barometer is an instrument that measures air pressure without using liquid and a mercury barometer is and instrument used to measure air pressure using liquid mercury |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| high pressure, diverging winds, descending air |
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Term
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Definition
| low pressure, converging winds, ascending air |
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Term
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Definition
| precipitation in the form a hard ice, cumulonimbus clouds |
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Term
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Definition
| drops of water produced by nimbostratus or cumulonimbus clouds |
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Term
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Definition
| ice crystals super cooled clouds |
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Term
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Definition
| ice that falls that is clear or translucent.READ pages 363 and 362 for better definitions on how they form |
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Term
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Definition
| the stuff that actually seeks out water. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| have the longest wave length |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the longest wave length of any color in the visible spectrum |
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Term
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Definition
| when warm moist air moves over a cool surface |
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Term
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Definition
| forms on cool clear calm night when earth cools rapidly by radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| when relatively humid air moves up a sleep slope of a hill or mountain |
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Term
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Definition
| when cool air moves over warm water |
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Term
| Frontal or precipitation fog |
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Definition
| when frontal wedging occurs, warm air is lifted over colder air. If the resulting clouds yield rain. And the cold air below is near the dew point; enough rain will evaporate to produce fog. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| steam fog and precipitation fog |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of water vapor in the air |
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Term
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Definition
| is a ratio of the airs actual water vapor compared to with the amount of water vapor required for saturation in that temperature. |
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Term
| Two ways to change relative humidity. |
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Definition
| 1)to change the air temperature. 2) add or remove water vapor from the air. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the temp to which air would have to be cooled to reach saturation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the sling psychrometer which, is used to measure humidity |
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Term
| Warm air is ______? While cold Air is ______? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when elevated terrains such as mountains act as barriers to the flow of air. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cooler, denser air acts as a barrier over which the warmer, less dense air rises |
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Term
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Definition
| when air in the lower atmosphere flows together creating lifting. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| global individual cloud masses, flat base and rising domes or towers. |
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Term
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Definition
| sheets or layers that cover most of sky |
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Term
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Definition
| clouds vertical extent, hail, thunderstorms and tornados |
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Term
| Hygroscopic or condensation nuclei |
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Definition
| things water vapor condenses on. |
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Term
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Definition
| hygroscopic it seeks out water |
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Term
| Factors, which affect the wind |
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Definition
Pressure gradient force
Cariole’s effect
Friction |
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Term
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Definition
| the stronger the wind will be |
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Term
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Definition
| the period of time it takes for the Earth's Moon to complete one full rotation on its axis with respect to the Sun. 27days |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| winter solstice-21 summer solstice- June 21 |
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Term
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Definition
| largest tides on earth and can reach 50ft or more |
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Term
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Definition
| sun and moon are aligned and their forces are added together causing large tidal bulges. (high tides) has nothing to due with spring but happens at new and full moons |
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Term
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Definition
| the opposite of spring tides in which the sun and moon are at 90 degree angles causing low tides. ¼ and ¾ phases. |
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Term
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Definition
| when it is coming from shore and returning to the sea |
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Term
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Definition
| when it is coming from the sea to the shore |
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Term
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Definition
| an accumulation where a stream enters a stream or ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| a low longated ridge of sand that parallels the coast. |
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Term
| Eustatic movements and isotactic movements |
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Definition
| up lift and down lift of ocean caused by tectonic movements. I think that right aka guessing |
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Term
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Definition
| a longated ridge of sand that projects from the land onto the month of an adjacent bay |
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Term
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Definition
| a ridge of sand that connects and island to a main land or another island |
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Term
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Definition
| a sand bar that completely crosses a bay sealing it off from the ocean. |
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Term
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Definition
| a bench or shelve in bedrock at sea level cut by wave erosion. |
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Term
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Definition
| sea water-facing cliff along a steep short shoreline formed by wave erosion at the base. |
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Term
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Definition
| an arch formed by wave erosion when waves on opposite sides of a headland unite. |
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Term
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Definition
| and isolated mass of rock standing just off shore produced by wave erosion |
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Term
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Definition
| a cave produced by wave erosion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| short wall built a right angle to the shore to trap moving sand. |
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Term
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Definition
| rocks off shore that breaks waves |
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Term
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Definition
| a barrier constructed to stop waves from area behind wall. |
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Term
| Tethered float breakwaters |
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Definition
| balls tide down to ocean floor that stop waves |
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Term
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Definition
| used to classify hurricanes |
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Term
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Definition
| used to classify tornadoes |
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