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Chapter 4, Section 1 what is a nonrenewable resource give one example |
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Definition
takes million of years to form and accumulate ex: coal, oil, natural gas |
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any hydrocarbon that may be used as a source of energy ex: coal, oil, natural gas |
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What is a renewable resource? Give examples |
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can be replinished over fairly short time ex: plants and animals |
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| when heat and pressure transform plant material over millions of years |
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| what are the four stages of coal development? |
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1. peat-partially decayed plant material that sometimes looks like soil. 2. peat becomes lignite 3. continued heat and pressure transforms lignite into bituminous coal (soft coal) 4. metamorphic rock called anthracite |
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what is the problem with coal? |
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surface minig for coal scars the land, underground mining is dangerous, burning coal can create air pollution problems in the form of sulfur oxide which can cause acid precipitation |
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| ______________ and ______________ form from the remains of plants and animals that were buried in ancient seas. |
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| petroleum (oil) and natural gas |
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a geologic structure that allows large amounts of liquid to accumulate example would be an anticline |
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| Some experts believe that fuels dervied from ____ ______ and ____ ______ could become good substitutes for the dwindling petroleum supplies. |
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mixture of bitumen, water, clay, and sand |
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rock containing mixtures of hydrocarbons called kerogen |
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| what are mineral resources? |
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deposits of useful minerals that can be extracted |
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| deposits from which minerals can be extracted profitably |
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| a useful metallic mineral that can be mined as a profit |
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| Some of the most important mineral deposits form through __________ processes and __________ solutions. |
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As a large body of magma cools, heavy minerals crystallize early and settle to the bottom of the magma chamber. This is how _____deposits form. An mineral example would be..... |
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| magma, chromite or platinum |
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| How do hydrothermal deposits form? |
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| from hot, metal-rich fluids that are left during the late stages of the movement and cooling of the magma. As magma cools, and becomes solid , liquids and various metal ions collect near top of magma chamber. |
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| Placer deposits are formed when..... |
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| eroded, heavy minerals settle quickly from moving water while less dense particles remain suspended and continue to move. |
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_________ is the best known placer deposit. |
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| Examples of nonmetallic minerals include... |
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| Nonmetallic resources are divided into two broad groups: _________ materials and ______________materials. |
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T or F? Nonmetallic mineral resources are used as a source of energy. |
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Chaper 4, Section 2 List some alternative energy sources: |
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| solar, nuclear, wind, hydroelectric power, geothermal, tidal |
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| the direct use of the sun's rays to supply heat or electricity. |
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| What are two advantages of solar energy? |
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| the "fuel" is free, it's non-polluting |
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| The fuel for nuclear plants comes from radioactive materials that release energy through _______ __________. |
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| In nuclear fission the nuclei of heavy atoms such as uranium-235 are bombarded with _________. The uranium nuclei then split into smaller nuclei and emit ________ and ______ energy. |
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| At a nuclear power plant, a nuclear chain reaction releases heat, which drives steam turbines that turn ________ __________. |
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| Some experts estimate that in the next 50 to 60 years, ______ power could meet b/w 5 to 10% of the country's demand for electricity. |
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What is hydroelectric power? |
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| the power that falling water generates |
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| The water held in a ____1_____ behind a __2___ is a form of stored energy that can be released through the ___2__ to produce electric power. |
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| Geothermal energy is harnessed by... |
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| tapping natural underground reservoirs of steam and hot water. |
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| Hot water is used directly for ________ and to turn __________ to generate electric power. (in relation to geothermal energy) |
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| Geothermal power is clean but not ________. |
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Tidal power is harnessed by constructing a ___1__ across the mouth of a __2____ or _____3___ in coastal areas with a large tidal range. The strong in and out flow that results drives ____4___ and electric _____5______. |
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1. dam 2. bay 3. estuary 4. turbines 5. generators |
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Chapter 4, Section 3 Each day people use fresh water for ________, __________, _________, and ________ ______. |
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| cooking, bathing, growing food, drinking |
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| What are the two types of water pollution? |
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| Point source pollution and nonpoint source pollution |
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What is point source pollution? Give an example |
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pollution that comes from a known and specific location Ex: factory pipes, sewer pipes |
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What is nonpoint source pollution? |
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pollution that does not have a specific point of origin |
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________ often carries nonpoint source pollution. |
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| the water that flows over the land rather than seeping into the ground |
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| The ________ composition of the atmosphere helps maintain life on Earth. |
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| Earth's atmosphere is a blanket of...... (4 answers) |
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| nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, other gases |
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| What does the layer of protective ozone high in the air protect Earth from? |
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| What are gases that help maintain the warm temperatures near the surface of the Earth called? What are some examples? |
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| greenhouse gases; carbon dioxide, methane, |
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| _______ _________ combustion is the major source of air pollution. |
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| Power plants release sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These pollutants combine with water vapor in the air to create _____ ____________. |
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| An increase in carbon dioxide has altered the carbon cycle and conributed to the unnatural warming of the lower atmosphere which is known as __________ ____________. |
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| Global warming could cause the melting of glaciers which would then contribute to _______________ and _______________. |
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| a rise in sea level, in the flooding of coastal areas |
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Earth's land provides ______ and forests, as well as mineral and _______ resources. |
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| Mining can cause _____ ______, create _________, tear up the Earth's surface, and destroy _________. |
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| soil erosion, pollution, vegetation |
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| Heavy pumping for irrigation of dry areas(related to agriculture) is ________ the _____________. |
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| Overtime, irrigation can cause ______________, or the build-up of salts in soil. |
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| What is the danger related to landfills? |
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| they can leak harmful wastes that get into soil and underground water |
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Chapter 4, Section 4 Conservation |
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| the careful use of resources |
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| Starting in the ______'s, the federal government passed several laws to prevent or decrease pollution and protect resources. |
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- requires industries to reduce or elminate point source pollution into surface waters
- led to huge increase in the number of sewage treatment plants
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| Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 |
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- helped protect drinking resources
- set maximum containment levels for a number of pollutants that could harm the health of people
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| In 1970, Congress passed the _____ ____ Act, the nation's most important air pollution law. |
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| The Clean Air Act established National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six "criteria" pollutants known to cause health problems. What are these 6 criteria? |
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- carbon monoxide
- ozone
- lead
- sulfur dioxide
- nitrogen oxides
- particulates (fine particles)
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| Increased use of clean, alternate energy sources such as _____, ______, and ___________ power, can also help clean the air. |
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| solar, wind, hydrolelectric |
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Protecting ___1___ resources involves preventing pollution and managing ___1___ resources wisely |
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| famers plow across the contour of hillsides, this decreases water runoff that washes away topsoil |
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| crops with different nutrient requirements are placed in adjacent rows, helps preserve the fertility of soil |
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only some trees in a forest are cut, this practice preserves topsoil as well as the forest habitat |
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| removing whole forest areas |
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| partly decomposed organic material that is used as fertilizer |
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| The ____1_____ ____1________ and __1_______ Act if 1976 has decreased the illegal and unsafe dumping of hazardous waste. The law requires companies to __2___, ____2____, and ___2_____ of hazardous waste according to strict guidelines. |
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Definition
- The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
- store, transport, dispose
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| The 1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund) mandates....... |
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| the cleaning up of abandoned hazardous waste sites that are a danger to the public or the environment |
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| the collecting and processing of used items so they can be made into new products |
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| DON"T FORGET TO LOOK OVER.......... |
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- All the charts throughout Chapter 4
- Safety Rules and Symbols
- Pages 85, 338, 573
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