Term
| Alaska and Aleutian Islands |
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Definition
subduction
Denali strike-slip
1964: 9.2 |
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Term
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Definition
Queen Charlotte Fault System
Right-lateral strike-slip
1949: 8.1 |
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Term
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Definition
| subducted under West Coast |
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Term
| Mendocino Triple Junction |
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Definition
NA-PAC-Juan de fuca
moving North |
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Term
| NA-PAC-Rivera triple junction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Subducts near Oregon
m9 every 1000 years
volcanoes and tsunamis
4 cm/yr of convergence |
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Term
| San Andreas Fault Segments |
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Definition
1906 San Francisco
1857 Fort Tejon
Creeping SEction
Southern Segment
Big Bend causes N-S compression |
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Term
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Definition
| Calaveras, Hayward, Rodgers Creek Faults |
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Term
| Eastern California Shear Zone Earthquakes |
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Definition
1972 Owens Valley
1992 Landers
1999 Hector Mine |
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Term
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Definition
| Mendocino, SAF, Hayward, Calaveras, San Jacinto, Elsinore, Garlock, E.CA shear zone (death valley) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bhuj 2001 7.7 b/c poor construction and soil |
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Term
| success and failure of prediction |
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Definition
1975 Haicheng
1976 Tangshan |
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Term
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Definition
1. Interseismic elastic deformation
2. Earthquake and elastic rebound of overriding plate
3. tsunami |
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Term
| Human Factors leading to tsunami devastation |
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Definition
Destroy coral reefs
destroy coastal mangrove forests
remove sand dunes |
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Term
| Building Quality problems |
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Definition
trash in concrete mold
salt water for mixing cement
increase sand to cement ratio |
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Term
| skyscrapers do what which leads to damage |
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Definition
| resonate (damage by long-term motion) |
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Term
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Definition
soft story
insufficient ties holding vertical steel bars in columns
poor reinforcememnt of beam to column joints |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
new methods for earthquake prediction,
correctly predicted earthquakes in San Simeon (December 2003) and Japan (September 2003)
M6.4 or greater earthquake that his team predicted would hit Southern California between January 5, 2004 and September 5, 2004 never materialized.
emerge of patterns activity ->chain
order of detection chain -> activity |
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Term
| to predict an earthquake, you need: |
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Definition
rate of earthquakes
area of fault
change in rate
change in spatial distribution
maximum distance between earthquakes, relative number of big to little earthquakes |
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Term
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Definition
history (instrumental, historical, geological)
fault map
current seismic activity
geodesy
physics |
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Term
| questions for paleoseismologists |
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Definition
is fault active?
how often do we get big earthquakes?
how regularly spaced in time are quakes?
does segment rupture together? |
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Term
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Definition
| hazard x vulnerability x value |
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Term
| waves are reflected at interfaces, which are at: |
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Definition
shallow layers in crust
mantle
core/mantle boundary |
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Term
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Definition
crust (30 km continental, 8 km oceanic)
lithosphere (200-400 continental, 50-100 oceanic)
upper mantle (down to 410)
transition zone (410 to 660)
lower mantle (660 to Core mantle boundary)
Core mantle boundary (2800 feet deep)
outer core (2800-5200)
inner core (5200 to center) |
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Term
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Definition
| shows where seismic waves travel faster/slower |
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Term
| phase changes mean what to velocity and density? |
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Definition
| 5% jumps in velocity and density |
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Term
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Definition
temperature
composition
water content
crystal structure |
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Term
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Definition
| square root of (elastic stiffness/ density) |
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Term
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Definition
| fault rate x time between quakes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| normal force x coefficient of friction (U-type symbol) |
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Term
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Definition
wavelength x frequency
wavelength/ period |
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Term
| L (distance from earthquake) = |
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Definition
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Term
| ML/ Richter (local) magnitude = |
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Definition
log(A) + C
A = largest amplitude
C = distance |
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Term
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Definition
UDS
U rigidity of rock
D amount of slip
S surface area ruptured |
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Term
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Definition
source size
2/3(log Mo) - 6.0 |
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Term
| number of earthquakes (N) w/ given magnitude (M) = |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Number of aftershocks per time
decreases with time
N = c/t or N= No/ (1 + kt) |
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Term
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Definition
| wave velocity x density of soil x amplitude squared |
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Term
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Definition
Sin Θ1/ V1 = Sin Θ2/ v2 for refracted wave
Sin Θ1 = Sin Θ2 and v1 = v2 for reflected wave |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
WASaSuJ
Washington-Oregon
Alutian
South America Peru-Chile
Sumatra-Java |
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Term
| Exceptions to earthquakes on plate boundaries |
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Definition
Blurring of plate boundary: collision (India- Asia)
Failed Rift (New Madrid)
Ice loading/ Unloading (hudson bay)
hotspots (hawaii) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2 ways to change friction |
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Definition
change normal force
change coefficient of friction (lubrication--cracks in rocks) |
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Term
| Complexities along strike-slip fault |
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Definition
pull apart (extention) -> enclosed depression (sac pond: Dead Sea)
Compressive jog -> ridge (push up) |
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Term
| Thrust Fault Characteristics |
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Definition
Topographically irregular
low dip angle
perched terraces
deeply incised canyons |
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Term
| Normal Fault Characteristics |
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Definition
Perched Terraces
Alluvian Fans
Slickenlines (grooves) |
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Term
| one point on fault plane slips at ___ during quake |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
strength of material (high pressure = stronger, high temperature = weaker, weaker = slower)
Density (higher density = slower velocity) BUT velocity increases moving downward???????
Type of Wave |
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Term
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Definition
1. 1 part attached to ground
2. intertial mass isolated from ground (to compare motions)
3. spring to return mass to original position
4. damping mechanism (so it doesn't bounce forever)
5. pivot (hinge) so mass moves in 1 direction
6. sensitive at seismic frequencies |
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Term
| When you increase magnitude by 1, what happens to amplitude, length of fault, duration of slip, and energy? |
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Definition
10x greater amplitude
3.3x greater lenght of fault, duration of slip
33x greater and energy |
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Term
| what scales with magnitude? |
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Definition
| moment, energy, duration, fault length, slip |
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Term
| Fault Rupture Lengths vs. magnitude |
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Definition
8 = 250-500km
7 = 50-70
6 = 10
5 = 1.5-2
4 = 200-400 m
3 = 30-80
2 = 5-20 |
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Term
| Reasons for delay of aftershocks |
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Definition
static fatigue
visco-elastic relaxation
diffusion process (pore fluids) |
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Term
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Definition
sequence of earthquakes with no clear main/aftershock relation
most common in volcanic areas
one of best ways to predict eruptions |
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Term
| For elastic materials, _____ is proportional to ______ |
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Definition
| stress is proportional to strain |
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Term
| Effects/ Lessons From: 1812 EQ Fort Tejon, SF, Long Beach, Kern, Sylmar, Northridge |
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Definition
1812: damaged missions, trees are good source of info
Fort Tejon, SF: haven't ruptured since, new building codes after SF, Long beach: improvements in zoning, Kern: thrust fault in CA, sylmar: structures damaged by strength and duration of shaking (dams subject to liquefaction), northridge: blind fault |
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Term
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Definition
minimum chance that something will happen.
Ex: there is at least 30% chance that an event will happen
Too high: miss some EQ
Too low: generate false alarms |
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Term
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Definition
1995: 6.9
Costliest Earthquake |
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Term
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Definition
| connected steel frames resist lateral forces by flexing |
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Term
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Definition
7.9 largest in CA, most damaging
hasn't ruptured since
IX on mercalli scale
region of destructive intensity extended over 600 km |
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Term
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Definition
large EQ have large rupture area
EQ occur in unexpected areas
exposed fault not necessarily indicator of size
EQ interact and sometimes progress |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by conjugate normal faults |
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