Term
| P and S waves penetrate through the body of the earth like x-rays |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| P and S waves penerae through the body of the earth like microwaves. |
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Definition
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Term
| P and S seismic waves reflect efficiently from the outer surface of the liquid core. |
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Definition
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Term
| S waves cannot pass through the liquid core. |
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Definition
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Term
| The inner solid core of the earth was first discovered in 1998 by Dr. I Lehmann. |
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Definition
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Term
| The inner core of the earth was first discovered in 1936 by Dr. I Lehmann. |
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Definition
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Term
| Large shallow-focus earthquakes are often followed by numerous after shocks in the same fault plane as the large earthquake. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| Large deep-focus earthquakes are often followed by numerous after shocks. |
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Definition
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Term
| When p waves encounter a boundry (the surface of the earth or an interior boundary like the core), they are reflected as both p and s waves. |
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Definition
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Term
| Measurement of the speed and wave forms of surface waves can be used as tomographic signals to study the mantle down to the core. |
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Definition
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Term
| Surface waves do not occur as concentrated pulses like p and s waves but are dispersed or spread out into longer and longer trains of waves as they propagate oer greater distances. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Surface waves occur in concentrated pulses like p and s waves. |
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Definition
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Term
| The crust varies in thickness from approzimately 4km to approzimately 60 km. |
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Definition
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Term
| The outermost lithosphere is softer and plastic, while the next layer down, the asthenosphere, is rigid, even brittle. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The lithosphere is relatively rigid, and the asthenosphere is softer. |
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Definition
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Term
| P and s waves travel efficiently through the outer core. |
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Definition
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Term
| The presence and shape of Wadati-Benioff deep seismic zones are a strong argument for plate subduction. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The cause of deep focus earthquakes is clearly understood. |
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Definition
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Term
| It is difficult to understand the cause of deep focus earthquakes. |
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Definition
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Term
| A strong motion seismograph would be of little of no use in the Buffalo area. |
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Definition
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Term
| Buffalo would benefit from a strong motion seismograph. |
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Definition
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Term
| Strong motion seismographs are useful for distinguishing p,s, and surface waves. |
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Definition
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Term
| Strong motion seismographs are designed to record the high-amplitude shaking of the ground. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| S waves arrive first, then p waves, on a seismogram. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| P waves arrive first, the s waves, on a seismogram. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| For a particular earthquake, seismologists need the p and s wave arrival times from at least thre seismograph stations to be able to determine the location and time of the earthquake. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Seismologists can use seismograms to distiguish between underground explosions and natural earthquakes. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| It is difficult to use seismograms to distinguish the difference between earthquakes and underground explosions. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Ground motion depends very much on distance from the epicenter and very little on the local soil or rock foundation where the earthquake if felt recorded. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Ground motion depends very much on the local soil or rock foundation where the earthquake is felt. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Explain why seismologists use both high magnification seismographs and strong motino seismographs. |
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Definition
High magnification - for small local quakes or for very far away quakes.
Strong-motion - measure acceleration, good for strong shaking because the stay on the scale |
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Term
|
Definition
| an instrument that detects ground motion |
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|
Term
| an instrument that detects ground motion |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| records and earthquake together with time markings |
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Term
| records and earthquake together with time markings |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the record of an earthquake (often printed) |
|
|
Term
| the record of an earthquake (often printed) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sensor part of a seismograph, usually a suspended pendulum |
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|
Term
| the sensor part of a seismograph, usually a suspended pendulum |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Strong-motion seismograph |
|
Definition
| records only high amplitude shanking of the ground |
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|
Term
| records only high amplitude shanking of the ground |
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Definition
| strong-motion seismograph |
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Term
|
Definition
| the continuous background noise of the earth |
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|
Term
| the continuous background noise of the earth |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the height of a particular wave above its zero position |
|
|
Term
| the height of a particular wave above its zero position |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the time it takes to complete one cycle of motion (from one peak to the next) |
|
|
Term
| the time it takes to complete one cycle of motion (from one peak to the next) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the number of vibrations (cycles) per second |
|
|
Term
| the number of vibrations (cycles) per second |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transverse waves
secondary waves
4-5 km/sec at shallow depths
5-7 km/sec at deeper depths
do NOT penetrate the outer core, because they cannot travel through liquid |
|
|
Term
Transverse waves
secondary waves
4-5 km/sec at shallow depths
5-7 km/sec at deeper depths
do NOT penetrate the outer core, because they cannot travel through liquid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primary compression waves
can travel through solid and liquid- father they have to travel in the earth=deeper=faster
in the air they take the form of a sound wave
6-8 km/sec at shallow depth
8-13 km/sec at deeper depth
short period (high freq.) in hard material
long period (low freq.) in soft materials
similar to sound waves |
|
|
Term
primary compression waves
can travel through solid and liquid- father they have to travel in the earth=deeper=faster
in the air they take the form of a sound wave
6-8 km/sec at shallow depth
8-13 km/sec at deeper depth
short period (high freq.) in hard material
long period (low freq.) in soft materials
similar to sound waves
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
love waves-horizontal motion only-looks like snake pattern
4 km/sec
rayleigh waves- "sea" waves-roll opposite of normal sea waves (counter clockwise in a full circle)
3-4 km/sec
period increases with distance from the epicenter
slowest earthquake waves |
|
|
Term
love waves-horizontal motion only
4 km/sec
rayleigh waves- "sea" waves
3-4 km/sec
period increases with distance from the epicenter
slowest earthquake waves |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| traveled through outer core |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| traveled through inner core |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| traveled through inner core as an s wave. not sure if this is possible |
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Term
|
Definition
| p wave, reflect off outer core, back as P wave |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| start as P wave, end as S wave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| start as P wave, pass through outer core, end as P wave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| start as p wave, pass through outer core, pass through inner core, pass through outer core, end as p wave |
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Term
|
Definition
| initial primary and secondary waves from deep focus earthquakes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| reflected twice off the surface |
|
|
Term
| What extraordinary event occurred in Egypt on Friday, Feb. 11, 2011? |
|
Definition
| The president stepped down from his position after a short period of conflict and revolting |
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|
Term
| If you get on the I-90 in Buffalo wehre will it end? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The earth most closely resembles... |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
1999
A long surface fault rupture, extensive damage to apartment houses, near the Marmara Sea
strike-slip similar to san andreas |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1891
Koto proposed sudden fault slip as the cause, a revolutionary idea at the time
a lot of landslides- over 10,000 |
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Term
|
Definition
1988
struck a highly industrialized area including chemical and food procesing plants, large death toll |
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Term
|
Definition
1995
one of the largest to reach a dense urban area in modern imes
similar to Loma Prieta and San Andreas
mag 7.2 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1990
slippage on both the Digdig and Philippine faults
extensive damage in central Luzon
massive landslides due to rain saturated tropical soils |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
1989
6.9 mag
world series eq |
|
|
Term
| Prince William Sound, Alaska |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1999
"The Big One"
Chelungpu Fault |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1755
mag 9
waves submerged lower part of Lisbon
fires spread |
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Term
|
Definition
2002
oil pipeline
mag 7.9 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1995
Sea of Okhostsk
mag 7.6 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1929
mag 5.2
largest earthquake in western ny |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1944
mag 5.9
largest earthquake in NYS |
|
|
Term
| What caused most of the damage in the great San Francisco Earthquake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The famous San Francisco earthquake and the Loma Prieta earthquake, both were caused by slippage along the ____ fault |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare and contrast the great San Fran eq and the Loma Prieta eq |
|
Definition
both caused by san andreas fault
san fran was higher in mag (7.9 to 6.9)
most damage in san fran caused by fire, most damage in loma prieta caused by poor infrastrucure |
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|
Term
safest places to live
Norway, Iran, Brazil, Chile, West Africa, Afghanistan, Italy, Japan |
|
Definition
| Norway, Brazil, West Africa |
|
|
Term
| Other important nys earthquakes |
|
Definition
1663 Charlevoix, Quebec 7.5
1732 St. Lawrence River, Ontario 6.1
1870 Charlevoix, Quebec 6.6
1925 Charlevoix, Quebec 7.0
1929 Attica, NY 5.2
1931 Lake George, NY
1935 Timiskaming, Ontario 6.4
1944 Massena, NY 6.0
1986 Northeast Ohio, 5.0
1998 Sharon, Penn 5.2
2002 Plattsburg, NY 5.1 |
|
|
Term
| An earthquake source, for simplicity, is associated with a single point called the focus or ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The point on the ground surface directly above the focus is called the ______ of the earthquake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point on the ground directly above the focus |
|
|
Term
| ______ ______ theory asserts that the earth consists of a patchwork of large, mobile, solid oeanic and continental _____ floating on softer rock. |
|
Definition
Tectonic Plate - (also explains the mid-oceanic ridges, the close fit of widely separated continents, similar fossils and rock formations found on different continents- WNY and morocco have similar rock layers and fossils, and the concentration of earthquakes in long narrow bands. mid-ocean ridge, sea floor spreading)
Plate |
|
|
Term
| Earthquakes are distributed evenly and equally across the surface of the earth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are more earthquakes in some areas than others. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Based on the limited data we have, moonquakes and marsquakes are about as common as earthquakes. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Moonquakes and marsquakes are rare. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Human activity, for example building dams with large reservoirs, can induce earthquakes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Human activity has no effect on earthquakes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many deaths in the 1995 disaser in Sakhalin, Russia, were caused by the collapse of three story, prefabricated, unreinforced concrete buildings. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many deaths in the 1995 disaser in Sakhalin, Russia, were caused by floods. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Aleutian Islands (one of the great subduction zones), the Caribbean, and Japan are examples of island arcs with active volcanism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seismometers on the moon can be operated a much higher magnification than those on earth. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| (According to Prof. Wolf at the U of R) when testing a hypothesis or a theory, the scientist may have a preference for one outcome or another, and it is important that this preference not bias the results or their interpretation. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| It is acceptable to allow your own biases to interfere with your hypothesis and theory. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When conducting experiments, it is common to ignore or rule out data which do not support the hypothesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you find data that does not support your hypothesis, you must still consider in your research/experiment. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which political party currently holds a majority in the US senate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you get on the I-90 in Buffalo you would come to Erie and Ashtabula, and the next major city would be... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Put the following countries in geographic order from west to east
Afghanistan India Iran Greece Turkey |
|
Definition
| Greece Turkey Iran Afghanistan India |
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Term
|
Definition
| forms at the lowest part of depression betwen two faults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fracture in rock along which the two sides have been displaced relative to each other parallel to the fracture |
|
|
Term
| a fracture in rock along which the two sides have been displaced relative to each other parallel to the fracture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reverse fault with a small dip angle |
|
|
Term
| A reverse fault with a small dip angle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when the rock on the side of the fault hanging over the fracture slips downward
extension of earth |
|
|
Term
when the rock on the side of the fault hanging over the fracture slips downward
extension of earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
only horizontal displacements along the strike of the fault
right/left lateral |
|
|
Term
only horizontal displacements along the strike of the fault
right/left lateral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the hanging wall of the fault moves upwards
occurs in subduction zones
compression of earth |
|
|
Term
the hanging wall of the fault moves upwards
occurs in subduction zones
compression of earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal and reverse faults are of this type |
|
|
Term
| normal and reverse faults are of this type |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| line of intersection between the fault plane and the surface of the Earth w/ angle measured from north |
|
|
Term
Urban and suburban areas that sit on top of active surface faults should be set aside for:
|
|
Definition
| roads, parking lots, public rereation areas, playgournds |
|
|
Term
| Describe what is meant by aseismic slip on a fault and describe the connection between aseismic slip and fault gouge. |
|
Definition
| aseismic slip is smooth movement in the fault that do not produce seismic waves. fault gouge forms a barriers of crushed groud up rock made by friction due to fault movement. |
|
|
Term
Earthquakes are classified by their mode of generation. five classes of earthquakes
|
|
Definition
tectonic-sudden release of energy
volcanic-volcanic activity
collapse-underground caverns collapse
explosion-detonation of chemicals or nuclear devices
impact-meteorites |
|
|
Term
| Surveying data from before and after the 1906 San Fran earthquake lead H.F. Reid to propose his famous ____ _____ theory for the cause of earthquakes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| faults remain locked while strain and energy slowly accumulates in the surrounding rock and then suddenly slips, releasing energy in the form of heat and seismic waves |
|
|
Term
| When a fault ruptures, the elastic energy stored in the rocks is released, partly as ______ and partly as _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If there was no _____ in the rocks, there would be no tectonic earthquakes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An earthquake rupture begins at the earthquake focus within the crustal rock and then spreads outward in all directions along or across the ____ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the thousands of large dams around the world give no sign of any connection between reservoir filling and earthquakes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only a few dams show signs of seismic waves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the thousands of large dams around the world show sings of connections betwen reservoir filling and earthquakes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Earthquakes of all classifications produce basically the same types of seismic waves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In tectonically active areas, the Earth's crust moves in quite measurable amounts within human lifetimes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elastic rebound explains horizontal deformation and subsequent displacement of rock layers but not vertical deformation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During an earthquake the fault rupture continues to spread until it reaches places at which the rock is not sufficiently strained to permit the rupture to extend father. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a majority of earthquakes, fault rupture does not reach the surface of the earth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fault rupture usually reaches the surface of the earth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you get on I-90 and head east what is the next major city after Rochester? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A space-geodetic surveying technique more accurate than ground-based triangulation and trilateration is ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Synthetic aperture radar
-planes bounce waves off terrain and record the echos |
|
|
Term
| 7 steps of experimental method |
|
Definition
1. make observations
2. form hypothesis
3. make a predictions
4. perform an experiment
5. analyze results
6. draw a conclusion
7. report results |
|
|
Term
| About how many detectable earthquakes are there a day/year? |
|
Definition
About 50 each day
About 20,000 a year |
|
|
Term
| How often to different strenght earthquakes occur? |
|
Definition
Great earthquakes (mag. 8 or larger)- 1 per year
Major earthquakes (mag. 7-7.9)- 17 per year
Strong earthquakes (mag. 6-6.9)- 134 per year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ocean floor is made up almost entirely of volcanic rock basalt (continents are made of granitic rocks)
the rocks gets oder when the basalt is farther awway from the ridge
explains the striped magnetic anomalies (there are parallel bands of magnetic strips)
ocean trenches
|
|
|
Term
| What is the largest earthquake state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sag ponds, lines of springs, offset drainage channels |
|
|
Term
| Areas not affected by faults |
|
Definition
| fresh lava flow, shallow circular depression, salt domes |
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