Term
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Definition
Alfred Wegener in 1912
German Meterologist
stated all plates fit together |
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Term
| Evidence for Continental Drift (8) |
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Definition
-the shapes of continents match
-Lateral movement of sea floor
-land features, fossils and climate
-identical fossils found on different continents that are now seperated
-mountain belts match
-age of rocks match
-glaciated areas match
-ice flow directions match |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rocks can preserve a record of the earth's magnetic field |
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Term
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Definition
| space over which a force acts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Types of magnetic information |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
location of north and south poles
-normal=today's magnetic field
-reversed=180 degrees away |
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Term
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Definition
| angle between magentic north and true north |
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Term
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Definition
-550 degree centigrade
-when hot rocks cool through this point they lock in the earth's magnetic field |
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Term
| True or False? The continents wander NOT the magnetic poles |
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Definition
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Term
| Evidence of Apparent Polar Wandering (3) |
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Definition
-declination of ancient rocks do not point to today's pole position
-layered rocks of differing ages have changing magnetic declination
-rocks of same age on different continents have differing pole locations |
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Term
| Theory of Sea Floor Spreading |
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Definition
-sea floor moves laterally away from ridges
-magnma rse up to floor at ridges
-magma hardens to form new sea floor
-ridges crack and move apart from one another |
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Term
| Evidence for Sea Floor Spreading |
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Definition
-age of seafloor
-sediemnts thicken away from ridges
-valleys run down the center of ridges
-Paleomagnetism |
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Term
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Definition
| magnetic polarity stripes on the seafloor |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-6-25 miles
-continental composition is mostly granite
-oceanic composition is mostly basalt |
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Term
| 8 most common elements found in the Earth's crust |
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Definition
-Silicon
-Oxygen
-Magnesium
-Potassium
-Iron
-Aluminum
-Sodium
-Calcium |
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Term
| 2 Minerals found in the Earth's crust |
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Definition
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Term
| Propoerties of the Mantle |
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Definition
-makes up 80% of the earth
-mostly Olivine |
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Term
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Definition
made of:
-silicon
-oxygen
-iron
-magnesium |
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Term
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Definition
-outer: liquid iron
-innner: solid iron
-circulation of the outer core causes the earth's magnetic field |
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Term
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Definition
-crust and upper mantle
-0-100 km
-rigid
-cold
-strong
-brittle
-less dense |
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Term
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Definition
-mantle and core
-100-350 km
-plastic
-pliable
-weak
-hot
-flows
-more dense |
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Term
| Theory of Plate Tectonics |
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Definition
-surface of earth is covered by 7 large lithospheric plates
-plates are created at ocean ridges and slide over asthenosphere |
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Term
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Definition
-Divergent
-Convergent
-Transform Fault |
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Term
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Definition
-a line along two adjacent plates move apart.
-Ocean Ridges
-Spreading Centers
-Rift Zones |
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Term
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Definition
| places where new oceanic lithosphere is created |
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Term
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Definition
distance/time
-measures the age of the seafloor |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Atlantic Ocean Spreading Rate |
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Definition
| 3 cm/yr for 200 million years |
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Term
| Origins of Divergent Boundaries |
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Definition
-rift zones and pulls away from continental crust
-as it pulls, basaltic magma extrudes creating oceanic crust
-valley floor sinks in |
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Term
| Physical Aspects of Divergent Margins |
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Definition
-stress: tension or pulling
-earthquake activity
-volcanism |
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Term
| Example of Divergent Boundaries |
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Definition
-Mid-Atlantic Ridge
-Iceland |
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Term
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Definition
-two lithospheric plates move toward each other
-characterized by type of crust |
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Term
| Oceanic-Oceanic Crustal Convergence |
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Definition
-Trenches
-Island Arc=an arcuate chain of volcanic islands |
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Term
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Definition
22 Trenches
-18 Pacific
-3 Atlantic
-1 Indian |
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Term
| Deepest Trench in the World |
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Definition
Marianas Trench
-6.4 miels deep |
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Term
| Physical Aspects of Oceanic/Oceanic Convergence |
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Definition
-Stress: Compression
-Earthquake activity:abundant
-High Magnitude
-Volcanoes: Abundant |
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Term
| Examples of Oceanic/Oceanic Convergence |
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Definition
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Term
| Oceanic-Continental Crustal Convergence |
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Definition
-Trenches
-Continental Volcanic Chains |
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Term
| Physical Aspects of Oceanic/Continental Convergence |
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Definition
-stress:compression
-earthquakes: shallow to deep
-high magnitude earthquakes
-volcanoes: abundant |
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Term
| Examples of Oceanic/Continental Convergence |
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Definition
West Coast of South America (Andes)
Cascades (NW USA) |
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Term
| Continental-Continental Crustal Convergence |
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Definition
-double thickness
-huge mountain chains |
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Term
| Physical Aspects of Continental/Continental |
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Definition
-stress: compression
-high magnitude earthquakes
-shallow
-volcanoes: none |
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Term
| Examples of Continental/Continental Convergence |
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Definition
-Himalayas
-Alps
-Appalachians |
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Term
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Definition
| crust is a passive passenger on the lithosphere |
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Term
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Definition
places where 2 lithospheric plates slide by each other(horizontal movement)
-lithospher is neither created nor destroyed |
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Term
| Sea floor transform fault |
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Definition
| perpendicular to spreading center |
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Term
| Continental transform fault |
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Definition
| parallel to spreading center |
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Term
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Definition
| where oceanic and continental crust are on the same plate |
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Term
| Physical Aspects of Transform Faults |
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Definition
-earthquakes: abundant and shallow
-stress: shear
-Volcanoes: none |
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Term
| Example of Transform Faults |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| heat anomaly in the asthenosphere |
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Term
| Characteristics of Hot Spots |
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Definition
-stationary
-create linear chain of volcanoes on earth's surface
-oldest volcano is farthest from hot spot and dormant |
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Term
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Definition
Hawaiian Islands
Yellowstone |
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Term
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Definition
| motion caused by density changes due to heating |
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Term
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Definition
| the push or pull on a rock |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of change in shape to stressed material |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-reversible
-changes in shape
-rocks store energy
EXAMPLE: Springs |
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Term
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Definition
-stretching or flowing of material without breaking
-irreversible
EXAMPLE: lava lamp |
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Term
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Definition
-breaking or fracturing
-irreversible
EXAMPLE: broken roads or concrete |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-strike and dip
-orientation of rock layers |
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Term
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Definition
| angular measurement from horizontal and direction water would flow |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| warps or bends in rock bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| fractures in earth along which slippage or displacement has occurred |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| motion is parallel to the dip of the fault plane (vertical) |
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Term
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Definition
| the hanging wall moves downward toward footwall |
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Term
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Definition
| hanging wall moves up over footwall |
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Term
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Definition
| parallel to strike of fault (horizontal) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
sudden movement along a fault
they occur in the crust and upper mantle |
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Term
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Definition
-rock is stressed and stores up energy elastically
-strength is exceeded and the rock breaks
-rocks on either side of the fault snaps back to original shape and releases the stored energy
-the amount of energy determines the size of the earthquake |
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Term
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Definition
-an instrument that can detect vibrations and shaking
-relies on inertia |
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Term
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Definition
| -waves that travel through rock |
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Term
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Definition
| -an energy transfer mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
| distance from crest to crest |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| time it takes for one wavelength to pass |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| position above focus point on earth's surface |
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Term
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Definition
| pass through the earth and travel outward from focus |
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Term
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Definition
| travel along surface of earth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-compression
-changes in volume and density
-can travel through solids,liquids and gases
-fastest
-parallel to direction |
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Term
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Definition
-shear compression
-change in shape but not volume
-cannot pass through liquid or gases
-slowest
-perpendicular to direction |
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Term
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Definition
| recordings produced by seismograph |
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Term
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Definition
qualitative
based on effects of earthquake
scale: I-IX |
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Term
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Definition
quantitative
based on energy released
scale: 0-9 |
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Term
| Effects of an Earthquake (8) |
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Definition
-ground motion
-faults
-fire
-landslides/avalanches
-liquefaction
-tsunamis
-flooding
-ground settlement |
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Term
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Definition
-lateral spread
-flow failure
-ground oscillation |
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Term
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Definition
| series of sea waves generated by an undersea disturbance |
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Term
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Definition
vertical displacement on sea floor
-MUST BE A DIP SLIP FAULT |
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Term
| characteristics of tsunamis |
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Definition
-long periods
-long wavelengths
-fast
As they approach land:
-slow down
-amplitude increases |
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